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OUTLINE OF LECTURES 



AMERICAN POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY 



DURING THE 



COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIODS, 



WITH REFERENCES FOR COLLATERAL READING. 



BY 

HERMAN VANDENBURG AMES. 



THIRD EDITION. 



published by 
The Department of History, University of Pennsyi,vania. 

SOLP BY 

The Department of History, University of Pennsylvania, 

and by Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 

1908. 



/ 



OUTLINE OF LECTURES 

AMERICAN POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY 



DURING THE 



COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIODS, 



WITH REFERENCES FOR COLLATERAL READING. 



BY 

HERMAN VANDENBURG AMES. 



THIRD EDITION. 



published by 
The Dkpartment of History, University of Pennsylvania. 

SOLD BY 

The Department of History, University of Pennsylvania, 

and by Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 

1908. 



/x^-^^ 



Sk.ie«AKy of ooNfilTiiss) 

two Uooies Ktxoi/vV I 

OCT 2 i^^y I 

j-i,iji Kin r,.ir\ I 



Copyright, 1898, 1902, and 1908, 

BY 

HERMAN VANDENBURG AMES. 



£^^> "^ 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 



The original edition of The Outline, while primarily intended for 
use in classes in the University of Pennsylvania, found its way into 
the hands of other teachers and private students, and thus rendered 
other editions necessary. In the present edition, the third, numerous 
changes, suggested by class use, have been made, and several additional 
sections have been added, particularly in connection with the develop- 
ment of England's administration of the Colonies. To meet the 
convenience of some, brief outlines of the history of all the original 
thirteen Colonies have been included, although the chief emphasis is 
still laid upon the development of certain typical Colonies, with 
especial reference to their institutional development. The bibliog- 
raphy has been selected with a view to meet the needs of a large class 
in a general course on Colonial History. The secondary works best 
adapted to that end have been cited, with additional references to 
some of the more important special histories and monographs or mag- 
azine articles of value for further study. Inasmuch as recent publi- 
cations in the field of Colonial History have been both numerous and 
notable, many additional citations have been included. With few 
exceptions, no attempt has been made to give references to the orig- 
inal sources, save to the several convenient collections of documents 
and contemporary writings. The chief printed sources for the Colonial 
Period are found in the British Calendar of State Papers^ Colonial 
(published to Oct. 31, 1697), and in the various Colonial Records and 
Archives published by the several States. For references to the same, 
consult Channing and Hart's Guide to American History^ §§ 28, 29, 
and §§ 77-143, in passim; also the notes in MacDonald's Select 
Charters. For critical bibliography consult the final chapter in each 
of the volumes of the series entitled The American Nation: A History 
edited by Albert Bushnell Hart, dealing with this period. 

(3) 



// 



4 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 

For those that cannot have access to a large library, the following 
works are suggested for a brief course of reading on the period covered 
by this Outline: Secondary works: Volumes I to X of the above- 
mentioned series, cover the entire period, or volumes I to VIII the 
colonial period to 1775. For a scholarly discussion of the institu- 
tional development consult Osgood's The American Colonies in the 
Seventeenth Century. The early volumes of Channing's History of 
the United States will be found especially valuable to the advanced 
student.* Attention is called to the excellent maps and illustrations 
in the volumes of Avery's History of the United States. The histor- 
ical writings of John Fiske (11 vols.), referred to within, while in some 
respect superseded, are still of value and are always of interest. For 
a description of the social conditions in each colony consult Henry 
Cabot Lodge, A Short History of the E^iglish Colonies in America. 
For special studies and monographs treating of particular phases or 
periods consult the references cited under the appropriate topics. The 
above should be supplemented by the following collection of the 
sources: William MacDonald, Select Charters; Albert Bushnell Hart, 
History as Told by Contemporaries., Vols. I and II, and the volumes 
in the series oi Origijial Narratives of American History^ J. Franklin 
Jameson, General Editor. 

Abbreviations. — C. & H. Guide refers to Channing & Hart's Guide 
to American History; Hart to Hart's History as Told by Contempor- 
aries; J. H. U. Studies to fohns Hopkins University Studies in His- 
tory and Politics; O. S. Leaflets to Old South Leaflets; Charters and 
Consts.., to the edition edited by Poore; Winsor to Winsor's Narra- 
tive and Critical History of America. The other abbreviations are 
believed to be self-explanatory. The title of each work referred to is 
given the first time it is cited, afterwards the author's name only is 
given. 

* Exact references to Volume II could not be given owing to its late publication. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 



I. THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA 
AND ITS CONNECTION WITH HISTORY. 

* Bibliography : Channing & Hart, Guide to American History, sees. 77-78; Thwaites, 
The Colonies, ch. i; Farrand, Basis of American History, chs. i-iv; Channing, Stu- 
dent's History of the U. S., 1-18; Shaler, Nature and Man in America, chs. vi-viii, 
Hinsdale, How to Study and Teach History, chs. xv-xvi; Shaler, U. S. of Am., I, 
chs. i-iii; Brigham, Geog. Influence in Amer. History, esp. chs. i, iii; Semple, 
Amer. Hist, and Its Geog. Conditions, esp. chs. i-iv. 

1. Importance of Geography in its Relation to History. 

I. Political Geography influenced by Physical Geography. 

2. Physiography of North America. 

1. Configuration. 

a. Form and natural divisions. 

b. Coast line. 

c. River and Lake systems. 

2. Climate. 

a. Effect upon European races. 

3. Resources and Products. 

«. Agricultural. * 

b. Mineral. 

c. Animal. 

3. Natural Conditions Affecting Settlement. 

1. Physical conditions which affected the Spanish. 
a. Why the Spanish were not more successful. 

2. The French. 

3. The English. 

a. Seeming disadvantages proved to be blessings. 

*This star before a group of references indicates that one reference from the group 
is required. 

(5) 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 6 

4. Effect of Physical Geography upon Subsequent History. 

1. Effect upon the Political Development of the English Colonies. 

2. Three stages of settlement corresponding to the three great 

physical divisions. 

a. First Period to end of the i8th century. 

b. Second Period, 1 790-1850. 

c. Third Period, 1850 to present time. 

3. Effect of certain products upon Political History. 

a. Tobacco and Cotton, their relation to the Slave Trade. 

4. Physical features which weakened the South in the Civil War. 



11. ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN AMERICA AND THE 
NATIVE RACES. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 79-80; Farrand, ch. iv; Fiske, Discovery of America, I, 
1-19; Avery, U. S., I, 13 62; Winsor, America, I, ch. vi; Bryant & Gay, United 
States, I.chs. i-ii; Helmolt, History of the World, I, 180-221; McGee and Thomas, 
Prehistoric North America, chs. iii, iv. 

1. Evidence of the Antiquity of Man in North America. 

1. Recent discoveries. 

a. Paleolithic implements. 

b. Other discoveries. 

2. Opinion of Archaeologists. 

3. Paleolithic Man : His antiquity. • 

4. Conclusions. 

2. The Native Races. 

* Farrand, esp. chs. vi, x-xvi; Higginson, Larger History, 1-26; Fiske, America, I, 
21-51, 125-147; Avery, I, ch. xxii; Nadaillac, Prehistoric America, ch. v; Short, 
North Americans of Antiquity, ch. vii, McGee & Thomas, Prehistoric America; 
Thomas, The Indians of North America in Historic Times. 

1. Theories as to their origin. 

Bancroft, U. S., Ill, 307-317; Fiske, I, 24-38. 

2. Stages of development. 

a. Different theories. 

b. Evidence. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 

3. Relation with European Colonists. 

a. Effect upon the Colonists. 

b. Effect upon the Indians. 

4. Estimate of their number. 



III. PRE-COLUMBIAN EXPLORERS. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 81; Fiske, America, I, ch. ii; Winsor, America, I, ch. ii; 
Avery, I, chs. iii-iv; Bryant & Gay, U. S., I, ch. iii-iv; Weise, Discoveries of 
America to 1525, 21-50; Payne, History of America, I, 94-106; Brittain, Discovery 
and Exploration, ch. i. 

1. Various Legends and Traditions 

1. Buddhist Priests: The Fusang Story. 458. 

Mag. of Am. Hist., XXVII, 30. 

2. Arabians in the Xlth century. 

Winsor, I, 72. 

3. Irish legend: Vllth century. 

4. Welsh legend: 11 70. 

Bowen, America Discovered by the Welsh. 

2. The Norse Discovery: 1000. 

Higginson, 27-52; Slafter, Voyages of the Northmen; Channing, U. S., 
I, 1-6. 

1. Physical and Historical conditions which make such a discov- 

ery probable. 

2. The Testimony of the Sagas. 

* Original Narratives of Early American History, I, 1-73; Am. Hist. 
Leaflets, No. 3; Old South Leaflets, No. 31; Hart, History by Con- 
temporaries, I, No. 16. 

a. Credibility of their evidence. 

b. Why unknown to the rest of Europe. 

c. Conclusions. 

3. Later Possible Voyages. 

1. The Zeni Brothers, 1380-1390. 

Bryant & Gay, I, 76-85; Fiske, I, 226-239; Winsor, I, 111-115; Lucas, 
Voyages of Nicolo and Antonio Zeno. 

2. Fisherman, 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 8 

IV. GENERAL CAUSES OPENING THE WESTERN 
HEMISPHERE TO EUROPE. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 8i; Cheyney, European Background, chs. i-iv; Thwaites, 
ch. ii; Fiske, Dis. of Am., I, ch. iii; Avery, I, chs. v, vi; Payne. Hist, of Am., 23-72; 
Winsor, America, I, ch. i; Brittain, ch. ii; Jacobs, The Story of Geographic Discov- 
ery. Maps: Fiske, I, 265, 304, 356, 357; II, 114, 123, 147, 153; Winsor, II, 103, 104, 
112, 126, 165, 177, 180; Avery, I, 97, 98, 104, 117, 119, 120, 121. 

1. Ancient and Mediaeval Ideas of Cosmography. 

1. Diflferent theories. 

a. Continental: Ptolemy's World. 

b. Oceanic theory: Erastosthenes, 

c. Sphericity of the Earth: Aristotle, Strabo, Roger Bacon. 

O. S. Leaflets, No. 30. 

2. Geographers and Cartographers of the XV. Century. 

a. Toscanelli's Map: 1474. Its connection with the Discovery 
of America. Genuineness doubted. 

Fiske, I, 356; Payne, 11 2-1 15; Vignaud, Toscanelli and Columbus. 

b. Behaim's Globe. 1492. 

Winsor, America, II, 104; or, Winsor, Columbus, 186-190. 

2. General Situation in Europe at the Close of the Middle Ages. 

I. The " Renaissance." 

a. Its nature: a general awakening. 

b. Its antecedents and causes. ^ 
I. Connection with the Crusades. 

c. Different phases: "Discovery of Man," "Discovery of the 

World." 
2. Commercial and Maritime Activity: One phase of the Renais- 
sance. 

a. Rendered possible, by improvements and inventions. 
I. Compass and astrolabe. 

Winsor, II, 94-98. 

b. Special Causes: Commercial conditions. 
I. Relation of Europe with the East. 

a. Central Asia opened to Europe: XII. to XIV. Cen- 
turies. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 9 

1. The Mogul conquest and its results. 

2. Marco Polo and other travelers' reports. 

O. S. Leaflets, No. 32; New Eng. Mag., Aug., '92; Harper's 
Mag. XLVI, i; Yule, Marco Polo; Weise, ch. ii. 

3. Character and extent of trade; oriental products a 

necessity to the West. 

Cheyney, ch. ii. 
b. Communication overland cut off: closing of the old 
routes. 

1. Restoration of Native Dynasty in China. 1368. 

2. Capture of Constantinople by the Turks. 1453. 
3. Search for an "outside" route to "Cathay." 

Fiske, I, 316-334; Cheyney, ch. iv. 

a. Portuguese Activity. 

1. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1463), and his suc- 

cessors. 

Beazley, or Major's, Henry the Navigator. 

2. The rediscovery of the Islands in the Atlantic. 

3. Voyages along the coast of Africa. 

a. Relation of these voyages to Columbus' plans and the 
discovery of America. 

b. The successful voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497. 

4. Other voyages: Cousin, 1488; Cabral, 1500; Cortereal, 

1501. 

Fiske, II, 18-22, 96; Avery, I, ch. xiii. 

b. Activity of Other European Nations: Spain, England. 

V. COLUMBUS AND THE NAMING OF AMERICA. 
1. Christopher Columbus. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 82-83; Bourne, Spain in America, chs. 
ii-iv; Fiske, America, I, ch. v; Channing, I, ch. i; Avery, I, 
chs. vii-x, xii, xiv; Bryant & Gay, I, ch. vi; Weise, chs. iii, iv; 
Payne, America, 118 et seq.; Adams, Markham or Winsor's Life 
of Columbus; Lummis, Spanish Pioneers, chs. ii-ix; Helmolt, 
I, 346-357; Brittain, chs. iii-vii. 

I. Early career and preparation for his work. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. lO 

2. His ideas as to cosmography. 

3. Attempts to gain a patron. 

a. Experience in Portugal. 

b. Assistance from Spain: Terms of contract. 

4. His First Voyage. 

a. Discovery made. 

* Original Narratives of Amer. History, I, 77-2/6; Am. Hist. Leaflets, 
No. i; Hart, I, No. 17; O. S. Leaflets, Nos. 29, 33. 

b. The effect upon Europe. 

1. Spanish activity: exploration and colonization. 

2. English activity: Voyages of the Cabots. (See post, p. 13.) 

5. Estimate of Columbus' work and character. 

2. The Naming of America. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 84; Bourne, ch. vii; Fiske, II, 129-145; 
Channing, I, 42-47; Avery, I, ch. xv; Payne, 202-210; Winsor, 
America, II, ch. ii; Brittain, ch. viii. 

1. Americus Vespucius of Florence. 

a. His voyages to the " New World:" Doubtful and authentic. 

b. Letters to Lorenzo de Medici. 

2. The Origin of the Name America. 

a. Meaning of the phrase " New World." 

b. Waldseemiiller's " Cosmographiae Introductio, " and its 

proposal, 1507. 

Hart, I, No. 20. 

c. The extension of the name to the entire continent. 

d. Americus exonerated of any attempt to supplant Columbus. 

VL WHERE EUROPEAN NATIONS PLANTED THEIR 
INSTITUTIONS. 

A Summary of the Results of Exploration and Settlement by the 
leading European Nations at the opening of the XVII Century. 

* Channing, Student's History, ch. i; Channing, U. S., L ch. ii; Hins- 
dale, Old Northwest, ch. ii; Helmolt, I, 422-453; Toner, Am. 
Hist. Assoc. Report, 1895, 515-557. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI, HISTORY. II 

I. Basis for the Determination of Ownership of Newly 
Discovered Lands. 

I. Priority of discovery. 2. Exploration. 3. Consummated by 
possession and settlement. 

Story, Commentaries, §§ 1-37; Hinsdale, Ohio Arch, and Hist. Quar., 
II. 349- 

II.' Claims of European Nations at the Opening of the 
XVII. Century. 

1. Spain: Summary of Her Claims. 

1. By virtue of the Bull of Alexander VI, of 1493, ^"^ the Con- 

vention of Tordesillas, 1494. 

Hart, I, No. 18; Weise, ch. v; Harrisse, The Diplomatic History of 
"America; Bourne, Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, iSgr, 101-130. 

a. Papal title repudiated by France and England, 

Payne, 243-46. 

2. Priority of Discovery and Exploration. 

*C. & H., Guide, sees. 82-86; Bourne, chs. iii, vi, viii, x, xi; Chan- 
ning, I, ch. iii; Avery, I, chs. xvi-xix; Brittain, chs. x-xi; Bryant 
& Gay, I, ch. vii; Lummis, Spanish Pioneers, ch. vi-vii; Morris, 
Hist, of Colonization, I, 230-259; Helmolt, I, 358-385, 5^.6. 

a. Columbus' and his Followers' Voyages. 1492-1512. 

b. Discovery of the Pacific: Balboa, 1513. 

c. Florida: Ponce de Leon, 1513, 1521. 

d. Conquest of Mexico: Cortez, 1519-21. 

e. Circumnavigation of the Globe: Magellan, 1520. * 

Bourne, ch. ix; Winsor, America, II, ch. ix; Fiske, II, 191-210. 

f. Atlantic Coast: Gomez, 1524; De Ayllon, 1526. 

g. Expeditions in the Mississippi Valley and the Southwest: 

Hodge and Lewis, Spanish Explorers in Southern U. S. 

1. Wanderings of Cabeza-de-Vaca, 1527-36. 

Old. South Leaflets, No. 39; Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1894, 83. 

2. Coronado's expedition, 1540-42. 

Winship, Journey of Coronado; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 13; Hart, I, 
No. 24. 

3. De Soto's expedition, 1539-43. 

Bourne, Narratives of De Soto; O. S, Leaflets, No, 36; Hart, I, No. 23. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 12 

h. Conquest of South America. 

Moses, The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America, chs. iii-x; 
Prescott, Conquest of Peru; Morris, I, 244-259. 

3. By virtue of settlement. 

I. Permanent Colonies and Sphere of Influence. 

a. St. Augustine, 1565, and Santa Fe, 1580, only Spanish 
settlements within the present limits of the United States. 

Hamilton, Colonization of the South, chs. i, ii; Lowery, Spanish 
Settlements within Present Limits of U. S. 

4. Spanish rule in America. 

Bourne, chs. xiii-xx; Helmolt, I, 386-422; Moses, chs. i, ii, xi, xii; 
Blackmar, in J. H. U. Studies, viii. No. 4. 

2. France : Summary of Her Claims. 

1. Discovery and exploration. 

* C. & H., Guide, sees. 87-88; Channing, I, eh. iv; Avery, I, 275- 
278, 303-321; Bourne, 143-148, 175-189; Doyle, English Colonies, 
I, 82-98; Bryant & Gay, I, ch. viii; Payne, 246-247, 257-266; Hel- 
molt, I, 143-148; Parkman, Pioneers of France in the New World. 

a. Verrazano's voyage, 1524. 

Hart, I, No. 34; O. S. Leaf., No. 17; Winsor, America, IV, 26; Mag. 
of Amer. Hist., II, 449; Brittain, ch. xii; Fiske, Dutch & Quaker 
Colonies, I, 58-68. 

b. Cartier's voyages, i534-i535- 

Burrage, Early English and French Voyages; Baxter, Memoir of 
Cartier; Brittain, ch. xiii; Hart, I, No. 35. 

2. By attempted colonization. 

a. In Florida by Huguenots, 1562-65. 

Bourne, ch. xii; Parkman, Pioneers, 32-47, 96-130; Bryant & Gay, 
I, ch. ix; Higginson, Explorers, 143-166. 

3. Results: No Colonies at the opening of the Century. 

a. Reasons for failure: Hostility of the Spanish; Civil and Re- 

ligious Wars in France. 

b. Significance of failure. 

3. England . Summary of Her Claims. 

I. By Virtue of Discovery and Exploration. 

^' C. & H., Guide, sees. 92-96; Channing, I, 33-37, 115-142; Avery, I, 
chs. xi, xxi; Tyler, England in America, chs. i, ii, iii; Brittain, 
chs. XV, xvi; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, ch. i. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. I3 

a. The Cabot Voyages, 1497-1498. 

* Fiske, Dis, of Am., II, 1-22; Bourne, ch. v; Avery, I, ch. xi; 
Weare, Cabot's Dis. of Am.; Brittain, ch. ix, Winsor, Am., Ill, 
1-7; Original Narratives of Amer. History, I, 421-430; House 
Doc, 58 Cong., 2 sess., No. 460; Hart, I, Nos. 26, 48; Am. Hist. 
Leaf., No. 9. 

I. Various problems of these voyages: Latest evidence. 

Winship, Cabot Bibliography; Dawson, The Voyages of the Cabots: 
Harrisse, John Cabot; Tarducci, John and Sebastian Cabot. 

b. The English Seamen. 

C. & H., Guide, sec. 93; Burrage, Early English and French Voy- 
ages; Higginson, Larger History, ch. iv; Froude, English Seamen 
of the XVI. Century; Payne, Voyages of Elizabethan Seamen; 
Payne, Select Narratives from Hakluyt. 

1. John Hawkins, 1562-67. 

Hart, I, No. 29; Winsor, III, 60-64. 

2. Francis Drake, 1570-80. 

Hart, I, No. 30; Corbett's Drake; Winsor, Am., Ill, 65-73. 

2. By attempted colonizati^. 

a. Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his Patent, 1578-83. 

Higginson, Explorers, 169-174; Hazard, Historical Collections, I, 24; 
Osgood, Amer. Colonies, I, ch. i. 

b. Sir Walter Raleigh, 1584-90. 

Hume, Raleigh, chs. iv-v; Winsor, America, III, ch. iv; Hamilton, 
ch. iii. 

1. Charter, 1584. 

Charters & Consts., II, 1379; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 71. 

2. Colonies: Roanoke, "The Lost Colony," 1584-87. 

Am. Hist. Assoc. Papers, V, Pt. iv, 107. 

3. Results no colonies at the opening of the Century. 
a. Reasons for failure. 

1. Left to individual enterprise of subjects. 

2. Fear of Spanish invasion of England. 

4. Situation at the Opening of the XVII. Century. 

I. Causes for the revival of interest in colonization. 
a. By the French. b. By the English. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HISTORY. 14 

2. Cause for the cessation of Spanish activity in colonization after 
1570- 

5. Effect of the New World upon the Old World. 

Seeley, Expansion of England, ch. v. 

VII. ENGLISH COLONIZATION. 

" The Expansion of England." The transplanting of Englishmen 
and English Institutions in the New World. The Development of 
English Institutions into American Institutions. 

1. Continuity of History. 

1. In General. 

2. Illustrated in the History of the English Colonies in America. 

2. The Political Heritage. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 146; Cheyney, chs. xiii-xvi; Taylor, 
Origin and Growth of the English Const., 1-17; Crane & Moses, 
Politics, 82-91; Stevens, Sources of the Const, of the U. S., 1-9; 
Stubbs, Const. Hist, of Eng., Ill, ch. xxi; Ashley, The Amer. 
Federal State, 31-41; Hosmer, Anglo-Saxon Freedom; Montague, 
Elements of Eng. Const. History; Medley, Manual of Eng. Const. 
History. 

I. The chief elements of the English Government in the XVII. 
Century. 

a. Constitutional development in England. 

1. The Representative system : An Anglo-Saxon institution. 

Fiske, Am. Political Ideas, ch. ii; Fiske, Beg. of New England, 1-49. 

2. Growth of the system. 

Hosmer, chs. iv-vii. 

3. Its continuous existence on English soil. 

b. Local Government : The Germ of the Representative 

System. 

Channing, Town and County Government, J. H. Univ. Studies, II, 
439-453; Ware, The Elizabethan Parish, Ibid,, XXVI, 304; 
Howard, Local Const'al Hist., 31-49; McMaster, in Shaler's U S., 
II, 475, 476; Morey, Annals of Political Science, VI, 207-211; 
Medley, 360-384. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. I5 

1. Parish or Township: Open Vestry: Select or Close Vestry. 

2. Boroughs. 

3. The Hundred. 

4. County System, or Shire. 

5. Connection with the Central Government. 
c. The National Government. 

1. A single executive: The King: The Council. 

2. A bi-cameral legislative body : Parliament, House of 

Lords, House of Commons: Rights of Parliament: 
Franchise. 

Stubbs, Const. Hist., Ill, 469 et seq.; Medley, chs. iii-v. 

3. The Judicial System. 

Medley, ch. vii. 

2. "The Rights of Englishmen." 

I. Rights guaranteed by Magna Charta and the Common Law. 

Hill, Liberty Documents, chs. i-iv. 

a. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. 

b. Speedy trial: Trial by Jury. 

c. No taxation except by vote of Parliament. 

d. A share in their own government. 

3. The Influence of the Reformation upon the Political Develop- 

ment. 

1. Freedom of Conscience. 

Fiske, Beginnings of New Eng., 58. 59. ^ 

2. Importance of the Individual. 

Scott, Development of Liberty, 24-26, 298-302. 

3. Its Democratic tendencies. 

4. Political Significance of the fact of Colonization in the XVII. 

Century, The Period of Political Ferment in England. 
I. Effect of the contest for English Free Institutions in the Old 
World upon the New World. 

3. Social, Industrial and Religious Situation in England at the 
Opening of the XVII. Century. 

* Cheyney, Industrial and Social History of England, chs. vi, vii; 
Prothero, Select Statutes and Documents. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. l6 

1. Social Condition, 

a. Class Divisions and Distinctions. 

*Hart, I, No, 44, 

2. Industrial Conditions. 

Gibbins, Industry in England; Warner, Landmarks in English In- 
dustrial History. 

a. Problems of over-population, 

1. Chief causes: Transition period. Decline of agriculture 

and increase of wool growing. 

2. Attempted remedies by legislation. 

Poor laws, Prothero, 41, 45, 67, 72, 96, 100, 103, 253, 271; Acts for 
Maintenance of Husbandry, ibid., 93, 95, 96, 

b. Material for colonization, 

Bruce, Economic Hist, of Virginia, I, 59, 60, 576-584. 

3. The Religious Situation. 

Post, p. 

a. The Established Church. 

b. The growth of dissent. 

c. The Attitude of the Government, 

4. Motives which actuated the English in their Colonizing Enter- 
prises. 

*Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 44-60; Channing, I, T43-T55; Eggleston, 
Beginners of a Nation, 74; Bruce, Economic Hist, of Virginia, I, 
ch, i; Cheyney, Amer, Hist, Rev., XII, 507-528; Beer, Pol. Sci. 
Quar., XXIII, 75-94; Hart, I, Nos. 16, 45-49; Neill, Virginia and 
Virginiola; Ames, The Peopling of the U. S. 

1. Various incentives. 

a. Patriotic: Rivalry with Spain. 

b. Cupidity. c. Adventure. d. Economic and Political dis- 

content, e. Religious motives. f. Northwest 

passage. 

2. Comparison with the motives of the Spanish and French. 

Hart, I, Nos. 19, 40. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 17 

VIII. VIRGINIA, A TYPE OF THE SOUTHERN COLONY. 
PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 97; Thwaites, ch. iv. 

1. The London and Plymouth Companies. 

Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 60-79. 

1. Origin and nature: Trading corporations or joint stock com- 

panies: Precedents. 

Cheyney, 123-152; Osgood, Pol. Sci. Quar., XI, 264-273: Morey, 
Annals, I, 535-544; Cawston & Keane, Early Chartered Com- 
panies, chs. i-vi. 

2. Purpose: Inducements to colonization. 

3. Influence of these companies. 

2. The London Company : A Chartered Commercial Company. 

* Channing, I, 157-224; Tyler, 34-91; Osgood, American Colonies, I, 
chs. ii-iv; Avery, II, ch. iii; Hamilton, chs. iv, v; Doyle, English 
Colonies. I, 108-12, 125-28, 136-42, 156-66, 175-83; Eggleston, Bk. 
I, ch. ii; Winsor, America, III, 127-53; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, 
chs. iii-vi; J. H. Univ. Studies, XIV, 263-267; Kingsbury, Records 
of the Virginia Company, 2 vols.; Neill, The Virginia Company; 
Brown, The First Republic in America; Brown, Genesis of the U. 
S. (for documents); "Willis, in Trans, of Royal Hist. Soc, X 
(N. S. ), 59-71; Tyler, Narratives of Early Virginia. 

I. The First Charter. 1606-1609. 

Poore, Charters & Consts., II, 1888; MacDonald, Select Charters, i. 

a. Parties to the charter. 

b. Territory. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 16. 

c. Governmental power. 

d. Guarantee of the rights of the Colonists. 

e. Settlement at Jamestown, 1607. 

Hart, I, Nos. 62, 63; Am. Hist. Leaflets, Nos. 27, 28. 
f, Capt. John Smith: Estimate of his work and writings. 

Tyler, Narratives of Early Virginia, 1-203, 289-405. 

Favorable. 

Fiske, Old Va., I, chs. iii-iv. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. l8 

Unfavorable. 

Brown, The First Republic in America; Henry Adams, Essays, 42-79. 
General criticism. 

Eggleston, Beg. of a Nation, 31-38; Winsor, III, 161. 

2. The Second Charter. 1608-1612. 

Charters & Consts., II, 1893; MacDonald, 11. 

a. Why granted ? 

b. New boundaries and their interpretation. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 16; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 73-78; Fiske, 
I, 144-45- 

c. King yields power to the Council: Importance. 

d. The fortunes of the Colony: Dale's "Blue Laws," 1611. 

Fiske, I, 163-167; Bryant & Gay, I, 300; Force, Tracts, III; Price, 
in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1899, 311-363. 

e. Introduction of tobacco culture: effect. 

Hart, I, No. 83; Fiske, I, 174-177; Eggleston, 84-85. 

3. The Third Charter. 1612-1624. 

Charters & Consts., II, 1902; MacDonald, 17. 

a. Changes effected by the new charter: The stockholders 

secure complete jurisdiction. 

b. The Company as Proprietors. 

Scisco, The Plantation Type of Colony, Amer. Hist. Rev., VIII, 260. 

c. New land tenure: in severalty: good effect. 

d. Condition of the colony under the absolute rule of the Com- 

pany. 

e. The Liberal element gain control in England: The Era of 

Political Development. 

1. The Great Charter of Nov. 13, 1618, and the Ordinance 

of July 24, 1621. 
MacDonald, 34; Brown, First Republic, 293, 329; Preston, 32. 

2. Gov. Yeardley and "The House of Burgesses:" The in- 

auguration of representative government in America. 
1619. 

Henry in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1893, 301-316; Chandler, in J. 
H. Univ. Studies, XIV, 268-273; Brown, First Republic, 242-243, 
249-251, 266, 293, 309-310, 313-332; Winsor, Amer., Ill, 142-145- 



AMERICAN COLONIAIv HISTORY. I9. 

a. Composition of the Assembly. 

b. Proceedings and influence. 

Tyler, Narratives, 245-278; Hart, I, No. 65. 

c. The position of Governor and character of Govern ment. 

Kaye, The Colonial Executive; J. H. U. Studies, XVIII, 267-279. 

4. The Labor System: Forced Labor. 

a. Indentured servants: effect. 

Bruce, I, 241 et seq; Neill, 160, 161. 

b. Introduction of Negro Slavery, 1619: efifect. 

5. Introduction of Family Life, its efifect. 

Eggleston, 57-58, 72; Neill, 245-247; Bruce, 613-618. 

6. Overthrow of the Company. 

Osgood, III, ch. ii; Fiske, I, 238-241; Eggleston, 86-89; 91-94- 

a. Causes : Factions in Company : Hostility of the King: 

"Seminary of Sedition." 

b. Charges against the Company and its defence. 

Hart, I, Nos. 66, 67. 

c. Commission of Inquiry appointed, 1623. 

Hazard, I, 155. 

d. Petitions of the Virginia Assembly, 1623-24. 

Neill. 407-411. 

e. Virginia Company and the House of Commons. 

Va. Mag. of Hist., VI, 382-384. 

f. Charter annulled by writ of quo warranto, 1624. * 

g. Commission for Managing of Virginia, 1624. 

Va. Mag. of Hist., VII, 40-43; Cal. of State Papers, I, 62. 

h. Efifect upon the Colony. 
IX. VIRGINIA: SECOND STAGE: A ROYAL PROVINCE. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 98, 99; Tyler, 91, 117; Andrews, Colonial Self Government, 
chs. xiii, xiv; Hamilton, ch. vi; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, ch, vii, II, chs. x-xii; 
Channing, I, 225-240, 489-493, 496; II, ; Avery, II, ch. ix; O.sgood, III, 

chs. iv, viii, ix; Doyle, I, chs. vii-ix, esp. 185-201, 207, 208, 212-266; Neill, Vir- 
ginia Carolorum. 

A. Political Relations with the English Government to the Middle 
of the XVIII Century. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 20 

B. Development of Domestic Institutions: 1624-1750. 

A. Political Relations with England: 1624-1700. 
I. Sub-Periods: 

a. 1 624-1649: Period of little interference and of continued 

growth. 

b. 1649-1660: Under the Commonwealth: Practically a self- 

governing commonwealth: Rapid advance. 

c. 1660-1677: After the Restoration. Political Reaction and 

Tyranny. 

d. 1677-1700: Quarrels with the Royal Governors. Stagnation. 

e. 1700-1750: Royal Government and its normal results. 

1. The Political Situation at Accession of Charles L 

1. The Colonists claim the "Rights of Englishmen." 

2. The Proclamation of the King, announcing policy of direct 

government. 

Hazard, 1,203-205; CaL of State Papers, I, 73; Neill, Va. Carolorum, 
10-13. 

3. The meeting of the Assembly permitted by the King: 

a. As he desires monopoly of the Tobacco trade. 

Neill, 47-55. 

b. Assembly refuse to grant his request, but precedent for their 

rights established. 

4. The Constitution of a Royal Province. , 

2. Period of little interference and continued growth. 1624-1649. 

1. Governor Harvey's Administration. 1629-39. 

a. Quarrel with the Burgesses: " The first Am.erican Revolu- 
tion." 

2. Governor Berkeley's First Administration: 1642-52. 
«. His instructions. b. Treatment of the Puritans. 

3. The Relations of the Colony to the Commonwealth. 1649-1660. 

Doyle, I, ch. viii; Fiske, II, ch. x; Channing, I, 486-498; Osgood, 
III, 115-125; "Leah and Rachel," Lib. of Am. Lit., I, 343; Neill, 
Va. Carolorum, ch. vii. 

I. Attitude of Virginia toward the Puritan Revolution. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 

a. Appeal of Gov. Berkeley. 

Hart, I, No. 68. 

b. An asyliiin for the Cavaliers: Results, immediate and remote. 

2. Surrender to the Commissioners of the Long Parliament. 

Hart, I, No. 69; Neill, 220-223. 

3. Self-g-overnment acquired and maintained. 

a. The Assembly elects Governor aud Council, and removes 

the same. 

b. Attempt to restrict the suffrage fails. "Hard and unagree- 

able to reason that any shall pay equal taxes and not 
have a voice in elections." 1655. 

4. The Navigation Acts. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 19; MacDonald, 106, IT9, 13^, 168; Beer, 
Commercial Policy of England toward the American Colonies, 
chs. i-iii; Andrews, ch. i; Channing, I, 489-495; Osgood, iii, 193- 
216; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 45-51; Eggleston, in The Century, 
VI, 251-254. 

1. Inauguration of the policy: First measures: Under the Com- 

monwealth: Under Charles II.; Acts of 1660, 1663, 1672. 

2. Effect upon the Colonists. 

a. In general. 

b. In Virginia: Berkeley's complaint. 

Hart, I, 240. 

3. Early acts not strictly enforced. ^ 

5. The Colony after the Restoration: 1669-1677. Reaction and 

Tyranny. 

Doyle, I, 230-257; Fiske, II, ch. xi; Andrews, chs. xiii, xiv; Osgood 
III, chs. viii, ix. 

I. Gov. Berkeley's Second Administration. 1658-1677. 

Neill, 268-292. 

a. Legal relations with the English Government. 
I. Report to the Lords of Trade. 1671. 

Hart, I, No. 70; Neill, 330-338. 

b. Political Reaction. 

I. In the Central Government. 



AMERICAN COI.ONIAL HISTORY. 22 

a. Arbitrary power of the Governor. 

b. The Long Assembly, 1661-1676. 

c. Restriction of the suffrage, 1670. 

2. In the Local Government. 

a. Close Vestry in the Parishes, 1662. 

b. County Courts, appointive and aristocratic. 

3. Economic Tyranny. 

a. The Culpepper- Arlington Grant, 1673. 
€. Bacon's Rebellion, 1676-1677. 

Neill, 345-370; Osgood, III, 261-279; Stanard, The Story of Bacon's 
Rebellion. 

1. Causes: Political and Economic Tyranny, 

2. Immediate Occasion: Berkeley's Indian Policy. 

3. Proclamations of Berkeley and Bacon. 

Lib. of Am. Lit, I, 445-465. 

4. Course and End of the Contest. 

Hart, I, No. 71; Colonial Tracts, Nos. 8-10. 

5. Social and Constitutional Reforms of Bacon's Assembly, 

1676. 

6. Royal Commission of Inquiry. Summary of the Griev- 

ances of the various Counties. 

Va. Mag. of History, esp. vols. II, III, in passim (documents); 
Osgood, III, 280-296. 

7. Results. 

a. Some reforms. • 

b. Restrictions upon the Assembly. 

c. The proposed new charter lost. 

Neill, 382, 383. 

6. The Colony under Royal Governors. 1677-1700. Quarrels 
between the Assembly and the Governors. 

Fiske, II, 108-123; Doyle, I, 259-268; Osgood, III, 296-308. 

1. Culpepper's Administration: 1680-84. 
a. Tobacco-cutting Riots, 1682, 

2. Lord Howard of Effingham. 

a. Resident Governor. Quarrel with Assembly, 

b. Non-resident Governor. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HISTORY. 23 

3. Nicholson and Andros. 1688-1705. 

Avery, III, ch. xvi; Hart, II, No. 33. 

a. Assembly refuse to appropriate money unless their own 

Treasurer expends it. 

b. Removal of the Capital to Williamsburg. 

c. Nicholson plan for union and taxation of the Colonies. 

Fiske, II, 129, 130. 

7. Royal Government to 1750. 

Fiske, II, ch. xvii; Avery III, ch. xxv; Hamilton, 349-359; Spots- 
wood, Official Letters, 2 vols., passim. 

1. The Administration of Gov. Spotswood, 1710-1722. 

a. Ability and activity. 

b. Disputes with Assembly. 

c. His correspondence and recommendations to the English 

Government. 

d. Created Postmaster General. 

2. Later Governors. 

a. Hugh Drysdale, 1722-1726. 

b. William Gooch, 1727-1747. 

c. Robert Dinwiddle, 1751-1758. 

3. The Expansion of Virginia. 

a. Spotswood explores the Blue Ridge, 1716. 

b. The coming of the Scotch-Irish and the Germans. 

c. The settlement of the Shenandoah Valley, 1730-. 

d. Contrast of the Tidewater with Western Counties. 



X. VIRGINIA. 1624-1750. 
B. Development of Domestic Institutions. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 148; Thwaites, chs. iv, v; Fiske, Old Virginia, I, ch. vii; 
II, ch. xiv; Tyler, ch. vi; Andrews, chs. xviii, xix in passim; Doyle, I, ch. xiii; 
Lodge, Eng. Colonies, ch. ii; Henrj', in Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1891, 18-29; 
Channing, I, ch. xix in passim; II; Hamilton, chs. vi, xix; Bassett, Writings of 
William Byrd. 

1. Social and Industrial Systems. 

Bruce, Economic History of Virginia; Bruce, Social Life in Virginia. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 24 

1. Social Grades and Classes. 

Eggleston, Transit of Civilization, 284-288. 

a. Tendency of these distinctions. 

b. Plantation life. 

Hart, I, Nos. 87, 88; II, No. 82; Woodrow Wilson, Geo. Washing- 
ton, ch. i. 

2. Classes of Laborers. 

Bruce, I, ch. ix; II, chs. x-xi; Eggleston, in The Century, VI, 853- 
871; Ballagh, White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia, J. H. 
Univ. Studies, XIII, Nos. vi-vii, p. 299; Ballagh, Hist, of Slavery 
in Virginia; Eggleston, Transit, etc., 293-305; Neill, Va. Carol- 
orum, 34-3b, 54-59, 277, 278, 295; Butler, in Am, Historical Rev., 
II, 12; Fiske, I, 188, 229; II, 176-202; Doyle, I, 382-391; Hart, II, 
No. 107. 

a. Indented Servants. " Redemptioners." 

1. Cause of their presence in large numbers. 

2. Terms of service, and their condition. 

b. Negro Slaves. 

1. Introduction. 

2. Growth of system. Causes. 

3. Industrial Pursuits of the Southern Colonies illustrated in 

Virginia. 

Bruce, in passim, esp. II, chs. xii-xiii; Eggleston, in The Century, 
V, 431; Lib. of Am. Lit., II, 265, 279, 306; Hart, I, Nos. 87-8S. 

a. Agriculture. 

b. Some Commerce. 

c. Little Manufacturing. 

d. Effect of Euglish Commercial System on a Planting Colony. 

Bassett, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1901, I, 553; Sioussat, Ibid., 
1905, L 71- 

4. Results of Industrial System. 

a. Economic. 

b. Social. 

c. Political. 

d. Moral. 

e. Educational. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 25 

2. Political Institutions. 

1. Local Government. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 147; Channing, Town and County Govt., 
J. H. Univ. Studies, II, 474-489; Howard, Local Government, 117- 
124, 388-407; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 2S-44, 98-99; Fiske, Civil 
Govt., 57-67; McMaster, in Shaler's U. S., 11,475-479; Taylor, 
English Const., 27-40, 35-39; Henry, in Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 
1891, 23-26; J. H. Univ. Studies, III, 152 et seq. ; Channing, i, 
5J8-521. 

a. The English Parish. 

Ante, pp. 14, 15. 

b. Reasons for the development of the Parish and County 

System. 
€. The Vestry: open vestry becomes a close vestry. 
Fiske, II, 98. 

1. Powers and functions. 

2. Contrasted with South Carolina Vestry. 

d. Few towns: Attempts to establish them by legislation. 

Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 211-213. 

€. The County. 

1. The unit of representation for the Assembly. 

2. How the power passed into the control of the great 

planters, 

3. The County-seat, or "Court-House." 

4. Powers of the Court: administrative as well as judicial. 

5. Officers of the County: Sheriff: County-lieutenant. 
f. The results of the system. 

1. Aristocratic tendency. 

2. Contrasted with the local government of New England. 

2. Colonial Government. 

Description of Government in 1697; Cal. of State Papers, Colonial, 
1696-97, \ 1396. 

a. Gradual separation of the functions of government. 

b. Executive and Administrative. 

1. Vested in Governor and Council. 

2. Source and extent of authority. 

c. Legislation. 

Chandler, J. H. Univ. Studies, XIV, 268-273. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 26 

1. The Law-making power. 

2. Representative system retained and developed. 
a. Bi-cameral system introduced in 1680. 

3. Assembly asserts its exclusive right over taxation in 

1623, 1631, 1632, 1642, 1645, 1651, 1666, and main- 
tains it to 1765. 
Henry, Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1893, si"). 

4. Franchise: Attempts to restrict suffrage fail until 1670, 

when freeholders alone qualified. 
Chandler, in J. H. U. Studies, XIX, 279-287. 

5. Assembly dispute the use of the veto power. 
d. Judicial Power. 

I. Development of the Judiciary. 

a. Monthly Courts, 1628: Justices of the Peace. 

b. Shire Courts, 1634. 

c. Fusion of the two into County Court, 1642. 

I. It absorbed all local power except in ecclesiastical 
matters. 

d. Superior Court of Judicature: Governor and Council. 

e. Appeal to Privy Council in England. 

f. Peculiar laws and punishments. 

3. Religious and Educational Institutions. 

Cobb, The Rise of Religious Liberty in America, 74-115; Neill, Va. 
Caro., 165-168, 198-203, 285, 29?, 296-303; Eggleston, Transit, etc., 
ch. iv in passim; Fiske, II, 116-117, 123-129, 245-254, 261-263. 

1. The Established Church. 

a. How maintained: Act of Uniformity, 1643. 

b. The character of the clergy. 

Hart. I, No. 85. 

2. The Dissenters and their treatment. 

J. H. Univ. Studies, XII, 175; XIII, 153-188. 

a. Appearance of Puritans, and their expulsion by Berkeley. 

b. Puritans during the Commonwealth period. 

c. Numbers constantly increase after the Restoration. 

d. Treatment of Quakers and Baptists. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 27 

3. Educational Facilities. 

Boone, Education in the U. S., 9-60 in passim; Eggleston, Transit, 
etc., 158-160, 249-254; Greene, 93, 304, 305. 

a. Few schools. 

Hart, I, 296. 

b. Early attempts to found a college. 

c. Berkeley's attitude toward education. 

Hart, I, No. 70. 

d. William and Mary's College founded, 1692: James Blair. 

Motley, J. H. U. Studies, XIX, 455; Hart, I, No. 89. 

e. Other opportunities for education. 

f. "The Virginia Gazette," 1736: First Newspaper in the 

South. 

4. Summary : Tendencies revealed in the development of the in- 
stitutions of Virginia. 

XL MARYLAND: A TYPICAL PROPRIETARY COLONY. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. loo-ioi; Thwaites, ch. iv; Fiske, Old 
Virginia, I, chs. viii, ix; II, ch. xiii; Channing, I, 241-270, 498- 
509; II, ; Avery, II, ch. x; III, ch. iii; Tyler, chs. vii, 

viii; Andrews, 232-251, 279-283; Doyle, I, chs. x-xi; Eggleston, 
Beginners of a Nation, Bk. Ill, ch. i; Browne, Calverts, esp. chs. 
» ii, V, vi, viii; Winsor, America, III, ch. xiii; Mereness, Maryland 

as a Proprietary Province; Browne, Maryland; Lodge, English 
Colonies, chs. iii, iv; Bozman, Maryland (documents); Hall, The 
Lords Baltimore, etc.; Jones, Colonization of the Middle States, 
chs. ix, xvii. 

1. The Calverts: The Family of the "Lord Proprietor." 

1. Their position in England: Conversion to Catholicism. 

2. Early attempts at colonization: Avalon. 

Steiner, Amer. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1905, I, 109. 

3. Created Baron Baltimore: 1625. 

2. The Charter of Maryland: 1632. 

MacDonald, 53; Preston's Documents, 62. 

I. Granted to Cecil, Second Lord Baltimore. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 28 

2. Boundary. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. i6, p. 12; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 78. 

3. Jurisdiction conferred. 

Osgood, Am. Historical Rev., II, 644; III, 31, 244. 

a. Precedent: Feudal character. 

Lapsley, Palatinate of Durham; Osgood, II, ch. i. 

b. Provisions fixing power of the Proprietor. 

Osgood, II, ch. iii. 

c. Rights guaranteed to the colonists. 

d. Religious provisions. 

3. Maryland settled: 1634. 

Steiner, Beginnings of Maryland, J. H. Univ. Studies, XXI, 353. 

1. Reason for founding Colony : Condition of Catholics in England. 

Cheyney, ch. xi. 

2. The Proprietor's Instructions to Colonists. 

Hart, I, No. 72. 

3. Was it a Catholic Colony ? 

4. Lord Baltimore and the Jesuits. 

Dennis in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1900, 105-126. 

4. Institutional Development. 

1. The Land System. 

Mereness, Pt. I, chs. i-iii; Osgood, II, ch. ii in passim. 

2. The Legislative System. 

Osgood, II, ch, iv; Browne, Calverts, ch. v; Fiske, I, 283-285; Doyle, 

I, 286-298; Morey, Annals of Pol. Sc, I, 544-547; Mereness, Pt. 

II, ch. ii. 

a. Struggle over the initiative of legislation. 

b. Primary Assembly or Folk-moot. 1635. 

c. Proxy system develops. 1638. 

d. Representative system gradually established. 1650. 

e. Bi-cameral system established. 1650. 

3. Local Government. 

Mereness, Pt. II, ch. vi; Howard, Local Govt., 274-81; Fiske, Civil 
Govt., 74-77; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 146-149; Taylor, Eng. 
Const., 32-33; J. H. Univ. Studies, I, No. vii; III, Nos. v-vii. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 29 

a. The Hundred. 

b. The Manor: Court Baron and Court Leet. 
4. Early Judicial System. 

Steiner, Amer. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1901, I, 213. 

5< Dissensions in the Colony. 

Fiske, I, 286-318; II, 131-138; Osgood, III, 112-114, 126-132; Steiner, 
Md. during the English Civil War. J. H. Univ. Studies, XXIV, 
751; XXV, 153. 

1. Quarrels with Clayborne and Virginia. 

Latane, J. H. Univ. Studies, XIII, 129-153. 

a. First phase. 1634-37. 

Hart, I, No. 74. 

b. Second phase: Ingle. 1644-46. 

c. Third phase (see below). 

Cobb, The Rise of Religious Liberty, 362-380; Petrie, in J. H. Univ., 
X, No. 4; Winsor, III, 530-535; Browne, Calverts, chs. vi, viii; 
Mereness, 430-4^7. 

2. Religious Questions. 

a. Increase of the Puritan element. 

b. Toleration Act. 1649. 

MacDonald, 104; Hart, I, No. 84; Hall, ch. iii. 

1. Causes which led to its passage. 

2. Who passed it? 

c. The policy of the Proprietors. 

3. Struggle between the Proprietary Government and the Parlia- 

mentary Commissioners, 1652: Contest of the Sects. 

a. Protestants win. 1655. 

b. Puritan Assembly and its notion of a Toleration Act. 

c. Restoration of Baltimore. 1657. 

Hart, I, No. 75. 

d. Fendall's Rebellion. 1660. 
6. The Colony after the Restoration. 

Osgood, III, ch. xvi; Fiske, II, 150-162; Cobb, 380-398. 

1. An era of peace but political reaction to 1675. 

a. Restriction of suffrage, 1670, and other reactionary measures. 

2. An era of unrest, 1675-1691. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 30 

a. Policy of new Proprietor irritates colonists. 

1. Long Assembly. 1669-1676. 

2. Nepotism: Conflicts in the Assembly. 

3. Taxation on tobacco. 

4. Restriction of Suffrage. 1670. 

b. Rebellions. 

Sparks, Causes of Maryland, Rev. of 1689, J. H. Univ. Studies, XIV, 
477; Steiner, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1897, 281. 

1. First attempt a failure. 1676: Davis and Pate. 

2. Second attempt successful. 1689: John Coode. 
A Royal Colony. 1691-1715. 

a. Episcopal Church established, 1692, 1700. 

Fiske, II, 162-173. 

1. Unpopularity of the Establishment. 

2. Toleration. How far practiced. Hardship of Catholics. 

3. Character of the clergy: Thomas Bray. 

4. Growth of dissent. 

b. Proprietary Government re-established: 1715. 

Steiner, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. R2pts. , 1899, 231; Avery, III, 357-562; 
Sioussat, Economics and Politics in Md , 1720-50, J. H. Univ. 
Studies, XXI, 269. 



Xn. THE CAROUNAS. 

C. & H. Guide, sec. 102; Thwaites, 87-95; Andrews, chs. ix, x; Channing, II, ; 

Hamilton, ch. vii, 359-373; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, ch. xv; Winsor, V, 285-335; 
Doyle, I, ch. xii; Bryant & Gay, II, chs. xii, xv; Lodge, chs. v-viii; Osgood, II, 
chs. ix, x; McCrady, So. Ca. under Prop. Govt.; McCrady, So. Ca. under Royal 
Govt.; Whitney, Government in So. Ca., J. H. U. Studies, XIII, Nos. i, 2; Rivers, 
Hist. Sketch of So. Ca.; Bassett, Const. Beginnings of No. Ca.; J. H. U. Studies, 
XII; Hawks, History of No. Ca.; Avery, III, chs. i, xiii, xiv, xxiv. 



1. Early attempts of French and English to Colonize. 

2. Royal Grants. 

I. To Sir Robert Heath, 1629. 

Col. Rec. of N. C, I, 5. 

a. Proprietary charter similar to Avalon charter. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 

b. No colonies planted by Heath. Charter repealed, 1664. 

c. Miscellaneous settlements. Virginia dissenters on the 

Chowan, 1653. New Englanders on Cape Fear, 1660; 
abandoned, 1663. 

2. The first charter to the Eight Proprietors, 1663. 31° to 36°. 

MacDonald, 120; Charters and Consts., II, 1382. 

3. The second charter to the Proprietors. 1665. 

MacDonald, 148; Charters and Consts., II, 1390. 

4. The two charters compared. 

a. Territorial grant increased 29° to 36° 30'. 

b. Governmental features, little change. 

Osgood, Amer, Hist. Rev., Ill, 46-48, 251-254. 

c. Religious provisions. 

3. Later Settlements. 

1. The Albemarle Colony (Northern), 1662-64. 

2. Clarendon (Middle), 1665; abandoned, 1690. 

3. The Ashley River Colony (Charleston), 1670. 

4. The Scotch at Port Royal, 1683. Destroyed, 1686. 

4. Proprietors* Provisions for Government. 

1. Proposals of 1663 and Concessions and Agreements of 1665. 

Hart, I, No. 78; Col. Rec. of No. Ca., I, 79. 

2. The Fundamental Constitutions, 1669. 

Text, MacDonald, 149; Charters & Consts., II, 1397; Col. Rec. of No. 
Ca., I, 157; Carroll's Collections, II, 361; Analjsis, in Bassett, J. H. 
U. Studies, XII, 97-169; McCrady, Prop. Govt., 94-111; Doyle, I, 
334-340; Fiske, II, 272-276; Osgood, II, 207-212. 

a. Two sets. Locke's connection with them. 

b. Reasons for drawing them up. 

c. Chief features and peculiar provisions. 

d. Notable provision relative to toleration. 

Cobb, Religious Liberty in America, 1 15-123. 

e. Alteration of the Constitution, and condition of the Province, 

1682. 

Hart, I, Nos. 80, 81. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HISTORY. 32 

f. Resisted by the People. Abandoned, 1693. 

McCrady, 226, 227, 247. 

5. An Era of Disturbances and Slow Growth. 1670-1719. 

1. Dissatisfaction with the Government. 
a. Inferior governors. 

2. Troubles over trade regulations in Albemarle Colony. 

a. Culpepper rebellion, 1677-79. 

b. Rule and banishment of Sothel, 1688. 

c. Temporary union of the two Colonies, 1691. 

3. Religious diflSculties. 

Cobb, 123-129. 

a. Gov. Johnson's bigotry in the Southern Colony, 1703-06. 

b. Intolerance in the Northern Colony, 1704-1711. Corey's 

rebellion, 1711. 

4. Troubles with the Spanish. 

Hamilton, ch. xv. 

a. Port Royal destroyed, 1686. 

b. Charleston attacked, 1706. 

5. Troubles with the Indians. 

a. In the Northern Colony, 1711-13. 

b. In the Southern Colony, 1713-16. 

6. The End of the Proprietary Government. 

1. In South Carolina. * 

a. Popular revolutions against the Proprietary Government, 

1719-20. 

McCrady, Prop. Govt., 641-656. 

b. Gov. Nicholson first Royal Governor, 1721. 

McCrady, Royal Govt., 26 et seq.; Hart, II, No. 33. 

2. In North Carolina. 

a. Unrest and discord, 1719-29. 

3. Proprietors' agreement with the Crown, 1729. 

7. Under Royal Government. 

Raper, North Carolina; Smith, South Carolina as a Royal Province. 

1. Separation of the Colonies. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 33 

2. Features of the Government. 

a. Governor's Instructions and their importance. 
McCready, 1-50. 

8- Development of the Two Colonies: Contrasts. 

1. Population and Races. 

2. Prosperity and Industries. 

3. Slavery and Poor Whites. 

a. Negro insurrection in South Carolina, 1740. 

b. The Black Code. 

4. Aristocracy and Democracy. 

a. The Vestries in South Carolina. 

b. Lack of towns. 

5. Churchmen and Dissenters. 

6. The Coast and the frontier settlements. 

7. The Schools and the lack of them. 

9. Piracy. 

Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 361-369; Houghson, J. H. Univ. Studies, XII. 

1. Its growth and extent. 

2. Attempts to suppress. 

XIII. GEORGIA, AN 18TH CENTURY COLONY. 

C. & H. Guide, sec. 103; Thwaites, ch. xiii; Greene, ch. xv; Avery, iii, 329-338; Ham- 
ilton, 299-316, 373-384; Doyle, V, ch. viii; Bryant & Gay, III, 140-169; Winsor, V, 
357-392; Lodge, chs. ix. x; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 333-336; Jones, History of 
Georgia, 2 vols. 

1. James Oglethorpe and his Philanthropic Schemes. 

Bruce, Life of Oglethorpe. 

1. Formation of the Georgia Company, 1732. 

2. Its project. 

Hart, II, No. 39. 

a. Assistance to poor debtors, 

b. A military outpost against the Spanish. 

2. The Charter. 1732. 

MacDonald, 235-248; Poore, I, 369; Jones, Georgia, I, 90. 

1. Territorial grant. 

2. Governmental features: a limited Proprietary: Trustees. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 34 

3. Settlers without political privileges. 
3. Slavery prohibited, 

3. Settlements. 

1. Savannah founded, 1733. 

2. The Salzburg Germans' settlements, 1734. 

Hart, II, No. 40. 

3. Inland settlements, 1734-36. 

4. Scotch Highlanders. 

4. Slow Development. Causes. 

Hart, II, Nos. 42-44. 

1. Spanish attacks, 1736-42. 

2. Dissatisfaction of the Colonists with: 

a. Government of the Trustees after 1743. 

b. Scarcity of labor: Slavery permitted, 1749. 

c. Land system: concessions, 1750. 

5. A Royal Province. 

1. Trustees surrender Charter, 1752. 

2. Boundary enlarged after cession of Florida, 1763. 

3. Gradual growth of population: Slaves numerous. 

4. A frontier community. 

XIV. NEW ENGLAND COLONIZATION. 

1. The English on the Coast of New England. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 96-109; Higginson's Explorers, 203-225; 
Doyle, II, 14-25; Winsor, America, III, 172-184. 

I. Early explorers: Gosnold, Pring and Weymouth. 1602-1605. 

1. The Plymouth Company: Its attempt to colouize. 
a. The Popham Colony, 1607. 

2. Captain John Smith's voyage and map, 1614-15. 

Hart, I, No, 90. 

2. Causes leading to Successful Colonization. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees, iio-iii; Charming, I, eh. x; Cheney, 
xii; Avery, II, eh. v; Eggleston, Beginning of the Nation, Bk. II, 
chs. i-ii, Fiske, Beginnings of New England, ch. ii; James, Colo- 
nization of New England, ch. i; Arber, The Slory of the Pilgrim 
Fathers; Gardiner's Puritan Revolutiou. For ecclesiastical doc- 
uments of Elizabeth's reign, cf. Prothero, 183-249; for James I. 
reign. Ibid., 283-311, 413-438- 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 35 

The Religious Situation in England early in the XVII. 
Century. 

a. Nature of the English Reformation. 

1. The English Established Church. 

2. Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, 1559. 

Prothero, i, 13. 

3. Persecuting Statute of 1593. 

Prothero, 89-92; Arber, 35-36. 

b. Rise and Development of Puritanism. 

1. Its appearance: "The Marian Exile " and its results. 

2. Its characteristics. 

3. Its political influence. 

Hart, I, No. 93. 

c. The English Puritans. 

1. Conformists or Low Churchmen. 

2. Non-Conformists. 

a. Separatists or Independents. 

b. Presbyterians. 

d. The Policy of the Stuarts toward the Puritans. 

1. The Hampton Court Conference: 1604. 

2. Persecution and its consequences. 

3. Intolerance the rule throughout Christendom. 

Eggleston, 163-164. 
The Political Situation in England early in the XVII. Century. 
Hosmer, Anglo-Saxon Freedom, chs. vii, ix, x; Prothero, 400-411, 
435-430; Gooch, History of English Democratic Ideas. 

a. The Political Philosophy of the Century. 

1. The Stuart theory of government: The Divine Right of 

Kings. 

2. The opposing theory: The Parliamentary Doctrine. 

b. The Stuarts and the Constitution. 

I. Arbitrary policy of James I. 1603-25. 

a. Struggle with Parliament over the taxing power. 

Prothero, 280-319. 

b. The Bates Case. 1606-08. 

Prothero, 340-352; Hallam, Const. Hist., I, 314. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 36 

c. Monopolies. 

d. Disresrards other rigrhts of Parliament and the Nation. 
2. Arbitrary policy continued by Charles 1: 1625-49. 

a. The struggle over the taxing power renewed. 

1. Forced loans. 

2. The Petition of Right: 1628. 

O. S. Leaflets, No. 23; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. vi. 

3. Ship money: Hampden Case: 1637. 

O. S. Leaflets, vol. IIL 

b. The strain upon the Constitution. 

1. King rules without Parliament: 1629-1640. 

2. The Long Parliament and the Civil War: 1640-49. 

a. The Grand Remonstrance, 1641. 

O. S. Leaflets, No. 24. 

b. The outbreak of the Civil War: 1642. 

3. Parliament rules without the King. 

3. Importance of the struggle in the Mother Country upon the 
Colonization and Development of the English Colonies. 

XV. THE PILGRIMS AND THE PLYMOUTH COLONY. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 1 11- 113; Thwaites, ch, vi; Channing, I, ch. xi; Tyler, chs. 
ix, x; Avery, II, chs. vi, xviii; Eggleslou. Bk. II, ch. iii; Fiske, New England, 
79-87; Doyle, II, 11-15 27-73; Arber, the Pilgrim Fathers; American History 
Leaflets, No. 29; Winsor, America, III, 257-276; James, ch. ii; Dexter's Pilgrims; 
Grifiis, The Pilgrims in Their Three Homes; Brown, The Pilgrim Fathers; Good- 
win, The Pilgrim Republic; Ames, The Ma> flower and Her Log; Bradford, His- 
tory of Plymouth Plantation; Young, Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers. 

1. The *' Pilgrim Fathers." 

1. Who were they ? Separatists. 

2. The "cradle of the movement;" Austerfield and Scrooby 

Church. 

3. Persecution drives them to Holland, 1608. 

Hart, I, No. 49. 

4. The residence in Holland and reasons for immigration to 

America, 1608-1620. 

Hart, I, No. 97; A.rber, chap, xxvii. 



AMERICAN COI^ONIAL HISTORY. 37 

5. Their leaders: The Seven Leyden Articles. 

Neill, Eng. Colonization, 96-98. 

6. Agreement with the Virginia Company and Merchant Adven- 

turers of London. 
Ames, ch. iii. 

7. Failure to receive a charter from James I. 

2. The Planting of the Co!ony. 

1. The Mayflower Compact. 

MacDonald, no; Hart, I, No. 98; Charters and Const., I, 931. 

a. Principles underlying it. 

2. ** The landing." What was it? 

Hart, I, No. 99; Ames, chs. v, ix; Arber, 434-436. 

3. Sufferings and privations of the Colonists. 

Hart, I, Nos. ioc-102. 

4. Experience with communism. 

Hart, I, No. 100. 

5. Relations with the Indians. 

Hart, I, Nos. 1 00-101. 

3. Political Development. 

Bib. Haynes in J. H. U. Studies, XII, p. 436; Osgood, in Pol. Sci- 
ence Quarterly, XI, pp. 694-715. 

1. Early form and principles of government. 

a. Primary Assembly. 

b. Governor and Assistants. 

2. Gradual development of the Representative System, 1638-1658. 
a. Franchise. 

3. Judicial System. 

4. Relation of Plymouth with the English Government. 

5. Patents from the Council of New England: 1621, 1630. 

MacDonald, 51; Hazard, I, 298. 

6. Relation to the other New England colonies. 

7. Final incorporation of the "Old Colony" with Massachusetts, 

1691. 

Hart, I, No. 104. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 38 

4. Life in the Colony. 

1. Educational advantages. 

2. Religious System. 

Cobb, Religious Liberty in America, 133-14S. 

3. Population and material resources — why not more prosperous ? 
XVI. MASSACHUSETTS, A TYPICAL NORTHERN COLONY. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 114-118; Thwaites, ch. vi; Charming, I, ch. xii; II, chs. 

; Tyler, chs. xi, xii; Avery, ii, ch. viii; Doyle, II, 83-112, 141-144, 253-256; 

Fiske, Beginnings of New England, 80-109; Eggleston, Beginners of a Nation, 
Bk. II, ch. iv; Twichell's John Winthrop, chs. iii, vi, viii, ix, xiv; Winsor, Mem. 
Hist, of Boston, I, ch. ii; James, chs. iii, iv; Osgood, I, chs. i-iii; Cobb, Religious 
Liberty in Araer., 148-197; Cawston & Keane, Early Chartered Companies, 206- 
211; Howe, The Puritan Republic, chs. i-iii; Young's Chronicles (for documents); 
Mass. and Its Early History, Lowell Inst. Lectures; Winthrop's Journal. 

1. The Grand Council for New England and its Charter. 1620. 

Charters & Consts., I, 951; MacDonald, 23; Winsor, America, III, 
295-310; Osgood, I, ch. v; Avery, II, ch. vii; Hart, I, No. 51. 

1. Its plans and its failure to colonize. 

2. Its grants. 

Haven, in Mass. and Its Early History, 143-162. 

3. Early settlements in Massachusetts: 1620-28. 

2. Causes of the " Puritan Exodus." 

Hart, I, No. 105. 

1. '* The times out of joint." 

2. The scheme of Rev. John White, and its realization. 

3. Origin of the Mass. Bay Company and its grant from the Coun- 

cil of New England. 

4. Endicott conducts a company to Salem, 1628, 

3. "The Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay: 1629." 

C. & H., Guide, sees. 117-118. 

I. The Charter. 

Old South Leaflets, No. 7; MacDonald, 37; Preston's Doc, 36; 
Charters & Consts., I, 932. 

a. How was it secured? 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 39 

b. Limits of the grant. 

c. Character of the power and jurisdiction conferred. 

Osgood, in Pol. Science Quar., xi, 502. 

I. Schools of interpreters. 

d. Provisions indicating rights of the settlers. 

e. Purpose, ostensible and real, of parties to the grant. 

Old South Leaflets, No. 50. 

4. The Great Migration, 1629-1640. 

Century, III, 350. 

1. "The Cambridge Agreement," Aug. 26, 1629. 

Hart, I, No. io6; Young, 281. 

2. The transfer of the Charter and Company to New England: Its 

significance. 

3. Leaders, character and number of colonists, 

4. Early settlements. 

a. Why did they settle in towns? 
h. Effect upon political institutions. 

5. Development of Political Institutions. 

Bib. C & H., Guide, sees. 118, 147; Haynes, J. H. U. Studies, XII, 
377; Osgood, I, pt. 2, chs. i-iii; Osgood, Pol Science Quar., VI, i; 
Howe, chs. ii, xiii; Morey, Annals of Pol. Science, I, 549-550; IV, 
207-209; Avery, II, 359-364; Twicbell's Winthrop, chs. vi, viii, ix, 
xiv; Taylor, in Mag. of Amer. Hist., II, 708-715. 

1. Form of government established in 1630. • 
a. At first in the control of the Governor and Assistant. 

2. Admission of "Freemen:" Oct., 1630-May, 1631. 
a. Occasion. 

h. Significance. The company becomes a political and ceases 
to be a commercial organization. 

3. The Suffrage: Aristocratic Theocracy established. 
a. Limitations to Church membership. 1631. 

1. Reasons for Restriction. 

2. Compare with English requirement. 

3. Protest against the restriction: 1646. 

Hart, I, No. iii. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 40 

4. Rise of the Representative System: Opposition to Aristocracy. 

Hart, I, No. 107. 

a. Causes. 

1. General. 

2. Special: The Protest of Watertown : 1631. '*No Taxa- 

tion without representation." 

b. Inauj^uration of the System: 1632-34: A Democratic Revo- 

lution. 
I. Apportionment and Method of Election. 

Bishop, History of Elections, 123-140, 130-145. 

a. By Court of election: 1634. 

b. Ballot and Proxy system introduced: 1634-1632. 

c. Nominating^ system: 1639. 

d. Sealed returns: 1644. 

5. Establishment of the Bi-cameral Legislature: 1644. 

a. Germ of the two Houses. 

b. Causeof the division into two Houses. "The Sow business." 

Haynes. J. H. U. Studies, XII, 411. 

c. Results of the system. 

d. Composition and functions of the two Houses. 

e. Effect upon the position of the Governor. 

Kaye, The Colonial Executive, J. H. U, Studies; XVIII, 282-292. 

6. Town Government: The Political Unit. 

* Bib. C. & H. Guide, sees. ii8, 147; Channing, J. H. U. Studies, II, 
458-474; Charuing, U. S., I, 421-428; Howard, Local Const. Hist., 
50-99, 3*9-357; Fiske, Civil Govt., ch. ii; Howe, ch. xii; Hinsdale, 
American Govt., 388-395; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 
13-32; Goodnow, Com. Adm. Law, 165-171; Taylor, Eng. Const., 
27-32, 39, 40 ; Adams, Three Episodes of Mass. History, II, 810 ; 
Peters, A Picture of Town Govt, in Mass. 

a. Origin of Town Government. 
I. Different theories. 

b. The English parish or town; How reproduced in N. Eng. 

c. Town Government defined by the General Court, 1636. 
I. Were any in existence prior to this? 

d. Later laws in regard to town government. 

e. Form of town Government. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 4I 

1. Town meeting. 

a. Nature and Functions. 

b. Attendance and participation in. 
e. Effect, immediate and remote. 

2. Selectmen: Moderator. 
a. Functions and term. 

f. Relation of the town to tlie Church. 

g. Peculiar laws and regulations. 
I. Affecting trade and labor. 

7. Judicial System. 

Osgood, I, pt. 2, 182-199. 

a. Assumption of Judicial power by the Magistrates. 

I. Early Courts. Monthly (1632) and Quarterly (1636). 

b. Matured System. 

1. Petty Courts in Towns (1638). 

2. County Courts (1643), *' Sessions of the Peace." 

3. Superior Court: Governor and Assistants. 

4. "The Great and General Court:" The Supreme Court. 
a. Its judicial functions decline after 1642. 

5. Appeal to Privy Council in England prohibited. 

8. Code of Laws. 

Howe, ch. iii. 

a. Causes leading to adoption. 

1. The Law of Moses vs. The Common Law. 

2. Demand for a code of laws, 1634-39. 

b. "The Body of Liberties," 1641. 

Am. Hist. Leafs., No. 25; McDonald, 72. 

1. A Bill of Rights. 

2. Significance. 

c. Revised Code of 1648. 

Mass. Hist. Soc. Col., 3 Series, Vol. VII. 

1. Chief features. 

2. New political principles announced. 

6. Development of Military, Land and Educational Systems. 

1. Military System. 

Osgood, I, pt. 2, ch. xiii. 

a. Necessity. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 42 

b. Trained band in each town. 

c. Reorganization into regiments by counties. 1644. 

d. Officers: Choice and elegibility. 

e. Analogy to English system. 

2. Land System and Registrations. 

Osgood, I, pt. 2, ch. xi; M. Eggleston. J. H. U. Sturiies, 4lh Series, 
Nos. XI-XII; Eggleston, Tiansit of Civilization, 279-284. 

a. Land granted by General Court to Society of Settlers. 

(Corporations.) 

b. Method of administration by Society or Town. 

1. Common ownership. 

2. Later granted to individuals. 

3. In some cases, control retained by original proprietors. 

c. Comparison with system in Proprietary Colonies. 

d. Registration of Land Titles. 

1. General survey and registration by towns ordered, 1634. 

2. S5 stem of County registration established, 1643. 

3. Educational System. 

Boone, Education in the U. S., T4-3r>, 37-53; Eggleston; Transit, 
etc.; 207-219, 225-249; Channing, I, 429-436. 

a. Character of the settlers of Mass. 
I. Well educated and religious. 

b. Early steps. 

1. First recorded public action, b}'^ Boston. 1635. 

2. Act of the "General Court" establishing a College, 1636. 

Hart, I, No. 137; Old South Leafs., No. 51; Johnson, in Lib. of Am. 
Lit., I, 325. 

3. Name changed to Harvard, and first "Commencement," 

1642. 

c. The "General Court" advised all towns to take active 

measures, 1642. 

d. Compulsory education : First law establishing common 

schools 1647. 

e. Reasons for establishment. 
I. Preamble of act of 1647. 

f. Comparison with England and the other colonies. 

g. Influence upon the life of the people, immediate and remote. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 43 

XVIL THE "EXPANSION" OF NEW ENGLAND. 

Expulsions and Secessions from the Bay Colony. 
I. The Founding of Providence Plantations and Rhode Island. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 119, 120; Channing, I, 362-398; Tyler, 
212-239; Avery, II, ch. xiii; Os}40od, I, pt. 2, chs. iv, viii, Eggles- 
ton, Bk. Ill, cb. ii; Doyle, II, i [3-141, 179-190; Richman. Rhode 
Island, ch. ii; Richman, Rhode Island, Its Making and Meaning, 
2 vols.; Cobb, Religious Liberty, 181-193, 423-440; Strauss, Roger 
Williams; Arnold's Rhode Island, I; Fisld, State of Rhode Island, 
etc., I; Greene, Rhode Island. 

1. Roger Wi'-Iiams. 

1. His early history in the colonies. 

2. Cause of his controversy with the Mass. authorities. 

a. His peculiar views. 

Hart, I, p. 373. 

b. His acts. 

3. Reasons for banishment from Mass. 

4. Settles Providence Plantations, 1636. 

Hart, I, No. 115, pp. 402-4. 

a. Form of government: Pure Democracy. 

b. Doctrine of "soul liberty." Roger Williams a "Path- 

breaker." 

2. The Antinomian Controversy and its connection with the settle- 

ment of Rhode Island. 

Howe, 215-233; Eggleston, Bk. Ill, 326-341; Doyle, II, 126-141. 

1. Ann Hutchinson: Her religious views and activities. 

2. The Controversy : Its connection with politics: Vane and 

Winthrop. 

3. Trial and banishment of Ann Hutchinson and her supporters, 

1638. 

Hart, I, No. 108. 

4. Founding of Rhode Island, 1638-39. 

5. Early form of government. 

a. First American Federation, 1639. 

b. Constitution drawn up, 1641. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 44 

3. Constitutional History of Rhode Island and Providence Planta- 
tions. 

Channitig, I, 382-398: Osgood, I, pt. 2, ch. viii; Andrews, 62-68; 
Doyle, II, 181-189, 236-244, 267-271, 308-319; III, 127-130; Foster, 
Town Govt, in R. I., J. H. U. Studies, IV, 73-88. 

1. Patent from the Long Parliament secured by Roger Williams, 

1643. 

Charters & Constitutions, II, 1594; MacDonald, 91; Preston, no. 

2. Form of government of the four towns: union of 1647. 

3. Charter granted by Charles II, 1663. 

Charters & Consts., II, 1595; MacDonald, 125; Kaye in J. H. Univ. 
Studies, XXIII, 268. 

a. Chief features. 

b. Full liberty in religious matters. 
I. Was this always observed ? 

Hart, I, No. 115, pp. 405-6; No. 116, p. 409. 

4. Peculiar practices owing to strong local spirit. 

5. Aristocratic tendencies. 

a. Restricted franchise. 

b. Laws of inheritance. 

II. The Colonization of Connecticut and New Haven. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 121-122; Channing, I, 399-411; Osgood, 
I, pt. 2, ch. vii; Avery. II, ch. xiv; Tyler, 239-250, 255-264; An- 
drews, 4S-61; Fiske, 122-137; Eggleston, 315-326, 343; Doyle, II, 
149-60; III, 120, 243; Walker's Hooker, chs. v-vi; Johnston, Con- 
necticut, chs. vi, xi, xii; James, ch. v; Trumbull, Connecticut; 
Cobb, 238-280. 

1. Colonization of the Connecticut River Valley. 

1. Grants to Lords Brook and Say and Seal. 

Hazard, I, 318. 

2. Rivalry of the Dutch and Pilgrims on the river, 1635. 

Hart, I, No. 117. 

3. The Mass. exodus, 1635-36. 

Hart, I. No. 118. 

a. Causes of the immigration. Democracy 2/5. Theocracy. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 45 

b. Leader of the movement. Thomas Hooker. 
4. Early constitutional history. 

Osgood, in Pol. Science Quar., IV, 408-411; Ibid., XIV, 261 et seq.; 
Andrews, River Towns of Conn., J. H. U. Studies, VII, Nos. 7-9; 
Annals, I, 165. 

a. Relations to Mass. Bay Colony. 

b. Early government. 

c. Connecticut Const, or "Fundamental Orders:" 1639. 

Hart, I, No. 120; MacDonald, 60; Old South Leaflets, No. 8; Pres- 
ton, 78. 

I. Its importance. 

2. Founding of the New Haven Colony. 1638. 

Doyle, II, 154-162, 190-199; III, 1 16-125; Johnston, ch. vii; Trum- 
bull, ch. vi; Leveremore, Rep. of New Haven; Cobb, 280-290. 

1. The leaders and their purpose. 

2. Form of government established in 1639. Theocratic. 

Old South Leaflets, No. 8; Hart, I, No. 94. 

3. Federation with other towns, 1643. 

MacDonald, loi. 

4. Joined to Connecticut by the Charter of 1662, against its desire. 

Hart, I, No. I2r. 

3. Connecticut after 1662. 

1. The Charter secured from Charles II, 1662. 

Charters & Const., I; MacDonald, 116; Old South Leaflets, No. 8; 
Preston, 96; Kaye in J. H. Univ. Studies, XXIII, 268. 

a. Chief features. 

b. Extent of grant. 

2. The "Blue Laws," True and False. 

Hart, I, No. 144; Prince, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1898, 95-138. 

3. Material Development and characteristics of the colonists. 
III. The Founding of Maine and New Hampshire. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 123; Doyle, II, chap. vii. Stt post p. 50. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 46 

XVIII. THE NEW ENGIyA.ND CONFEDERATION, 1643-84. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 124; Thwaites, chap, vii; Avery, II, ch, xv; Channing, I, 
415-421; Tyler, ch. xviii; Osgood, I, pt. 2, ch. x; Fiske, chap, iv; Doyle, II, 220- 
236, 247-251, 284-302; III, 155; Howe, ch. xiv; Morey, Annals of Pol. Science, VI, 
211-226; Salmon, The Union of Utrecht, Am. Hist. Ass. Reports, 1893, 135-148. 

1. Formation and Membership. 

1. What colonies included ? 

2. What colonies excluded ? Why? 

3. Reasons for formation. 

a. Domestic. 

b. Foreign. 

4. Possible precedents: The Union of Utrecht. 

2. The Articles of Confederation. 

Am, Hist. Leaflets, No. 7; MacDonald, 94; Preston, 85. 

1. Chief provisions. 

2. Inequality of the Union. 

3. Methods of procedure. 

Hart, I, No. 129; Plymouth Colony Records, vols, ix, x. 

3. External Relations of the Confederacy. 

1. With the French. 

2. With the Dutch. 

3. With the Long Parliament. 

4. Internal Relations. 

1. Dealings with the Indians. 

Hart, I, Nos. 92, 133. 

2. Troubles with Gorton. 

3. Friction between Mass. and Conn. 

4. Attitude toward the Quakers. 

5. Decline of the Confederation. 

I. Causes. 

a. The "first nullification act." 
Hart, I, No. 131. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HISTORY. 47 

6. Results. 

1. Germ of co-operation and union. 

2. Precedent for union. 

3. Provisions of Constitution which reappear in the Federal Const. 

XIX. STRUGGLE FOR THE CHARTER, AND RELATION 
WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 127; Charming, I, ch. xviii in passim; II, ; Avery, 

II, ch. xvi; III, ch. viii; Osgood, III, chs. iii, vi, x; Doyle, III, 190-225; Howe, 
chs. XV, xvi; Winsor, Mem. Hist, of Boston, I, ch. x; Twichell's Winthrop, 119- 
126, 176-181, 219-225; James, chs. ix, x, xiv; Bancroft (Last Rev.), I, 273-278, 281- 
283, 369-381, 39.5-407; Osgood, Pol. Science Quar., 11,446-455; Frothingham, Rise 
of the Republic, 49-62. 

1. First Attempt to Annul the Charter, 1635-1640. 

Hart, I, No. 109. 

1. Danger from the Crown. 

Hart, I, No. 128. 

a. Cause of the King's hostility. 

b. Quo warranto proceedings: 1635. 

c. Dilatory policy of Mass. authorities. 

d. Preparations for defense. 

Doyle, II, 119-120. 

2. Deliverance. 

2. Relations of the Colony to the Long Parliament and Govern- 

ment of Commonwealth. 

1. Parliament's claim of authority, 1641-1647. 

2. Position of the colonists. 

3. Remonstrance: Replies of the General Court. 

4. Independence and Sovereign acts of colony. 

3. Relations with the Government of England after the Restora- 

tion, 1660. 

Osgood, III, ch. vi; Andrews, 69-73, 252-264; Kaye, J. H. Univ. 
Studies, XXIII, Nos. 5-6; N. Y. Col. Doc, III, 57, 61, 95; Hart, 
I, No. 132. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 48 

1. Declaration of the Rights of the Colonists (1661), 

a. Statement of their relation to the Crown. 

b. Significance of this document. 

2. King's reply and orders in regard to Regicides (1663). 

3. Negotiations of Agents of Mass. with the King. 

4. The readjustment in the other Colonies. 

a. Conn, and New Haven united under Charter, 1662. 

b. Rhode Island's charter, 1663. 

5. The Royal Commissioners in Mass. (1664). 

a. Action of the Commissioners. 

b. Action of the General Court. 

c. Address of the General Court. 

d. Results. 

4. The Navigation Acts. 

Andrews, 252-264; Amer. Hist. Leaflets, No. 19; a^tte, p. 21. 

1. Attempt to enforce them in New England. 

a. Mission of Edward Randolph (1676-81). 

Tappan, Edward Randolph, (Prince Soc. Pub.), I; Osgood, III, 
228-239. 

2. Resolutions of the General Court that the Trade Act did not 

apply to them, "not being represented in Parliament." 
1678. 
a. Importance. 

5. The Charter Annulled, 1684. 

Hart, I, Nos. 135; Fiske, 253-266. 

1. Renewed hostility of the King. 
a. Causes. 

2. Proceedings and Defense (1683-84). 

3. Position of the Colonists. 

XX. THE GOVERNMENT OF ANDROS, 1686-89. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 128; Andrews, 264-278; Channing, II, — ; Osgood, III, chs. 
xiii, xiv; Avery, III, 143-154; Doyle, III, 239-243, 260-271, 288-294; Fiske, ch. vi; 
Howe, ch, xvii; Bancroft, I, 574-589; 598-601 ; James, chs. xv-xviii ; Chalmers, I; 
Palfrey, III. 

1. The Government ad interim under Dudley, 1685. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 49 

2. Colonial Policy of James II. 

3. Andros's Government. The Dominion of New England, 

1686-1689. 

Tappan, Edward Randolph, IV, passim. 

1. Extent of his first commission. 

2. Powers and instructions. 

3. His administration in Mass. 

4. His relation to the other colonies. 

a. Attack on the charters of R. I. and Conn. 

b. Their surrender. 1687. 

c. Plymouth recognizes Andros's rule. Dec, 1686. 

5. The Enlargement of the Dominion. i688^ 
a. Consolidation of seven colonies. 

4. The Revolution of 1688-89. 

1. In England. 

a. Flight of James II. 

b. William and Mary. 

c. The Bill of Rights. 

d. Significance. 

2. The Revolution of 1689 in New England. 

Whitmore, Andros Tracts, passim; Hart, I, No. 136; L,ib. of Am. 

Lit , II, 72. 

3. In the other colonies. • 

4. New England after the Revolution. 

Avery, III, chs. xix-xxi, xxvii. 

5. The New Charter, 1691-1774. 

Charters & Consts., I, 942-954; MacDonald, 205. 

I.. Extent: Included New Plymouth. 

2. Changes in the Government. 

a. Executive appointed by the King. 

b. Judges appointed by the Governor. 

c. Property qualification for the suffrage. 

3. Powers retained by the Freemen. 

4. Attack upon the Charter, 1721. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 50 

5. Explanatory Charter, 1725. 

MacDonald, 233. 

6. Constitutional and administrative development. 

a. Quarrels between the Governors and the General Court. 

Winsor, Boston, II, in passim; Avery, III, chs. xix, xx, xxvii; 
James, chs. xx-xxii. 

7. Contrast with Royal Provinces. 

XXI. MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE: 

* Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec. 123; Avery, II, 338-343; Osgood, I, pt. 2, ch. ix; Tyler, ch. 
xvi; Doyle, II, ch. vii; Bryant & Gay, II, 419-449; Palfrey, I, 522-528; Winsor, 
III, 321-330; York Deeds, Bk. I, Int. 18-74; Williamson, Maine; Varney, Maine, 
Belknap, New Hampshire, I; Barstow, New Hampshire. 

I. Maine. 

1. Early Explorations and Temporary Settlements. 

1. De Mont's Grant: 1603. 40°- 60° N. lat. 

Poore, I, 773. 

2. The English on the Coast. 

3. The Sagadahoch or Popham Colony, 1606-08. Ante p. 34. 

Ballard, Mem. Vol. of Popham Celebration. 

2. Early Grants. 

Haven, Grants under Council of New England, in Mass. and Its 
Early History, 129-162. 

1. Grant to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason. 1622. 

MacDonald, 36. 

a. Robert Gorges comes out as Governor, 1623. 

2. Grant of Council of New England to Gorges, 1629: confirmed, 

1635- 

3. Other grants, 1630-31. 

3. Gorges' Royal Charter, 1639. 

Poore, I, 774; Hazard, I, 442; Mem. of Sir Ferdinando Gorges 
(Prince Soc. Pub.). 

1. Gorges Lord Proprietor. 

2. Extent of territory. 

3. Governmental Power. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 51 

4. Early Settlements and Gorges's Government. 

1. Saco and Agamenticus, 1623-24. 

2. Government of the Colony. 

Williamson, ch. vi. 

a. Gorges' s Constitution. 

b. First General Court, Saco, 1640. 

c. Charter of City of Georgeana, 1642. 

3. Excluded from the New England Confederation. 

4. Six governments at Gorges's death, 1647. 

5. Relations with Massachusetts. 

1. Towns annexed to Massachusetts, 1652-58. 

2. Detached from, by the Royal Commissioners, 1665. 

Hart, I, No. 124. 

3. Reannexed, 1668. 

4. Massachusetts purchases the Gorges claims, 1677. 

a. Governed under the Gorges charter. 

b. Description of Maine. 

Hart, I, No. r25. 

6. Under the Andros Government, 1686. 

7. Annexed to Massachusetts by the Province Charter, 1691. 

II. New Hampshire. 

1. Early Grants. 

1. Mariana grant to John Mason, 1621. 

2. The joint grant to Mason and Gorges, 1622. 

3. Grant of Council of New England to Mason, 1629. 

Poore, II, 1270; MacDonald, 51. 

4. Grant of Massonia, 1635. 

Poore, II, 1273; MacDonald, 59. 

2. Early Settlements. 

I. Settlement 00 the Piscataqua, 1622-23. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 52 

2. London Puritans at Dover, 1628. 

3. Massachusetts exiles at Exeter and Hampton, 1629. 

4. Church of England colonists at Portsmouth, 1630. 

3. Government of the Colony. 

1. Early towns independent. 

2. Agreement of 1639. 

Cobb, Rise of Religious Liberty, 290-291. 

3. Towns annexed to Mass., 1641-43. 
a. Concessions of Mass. 

4. Revival of Mason's Claim, 1652. 

5. Created a Royal Province, 1679-1685. 

Osgood, III, ch. xi. 

a. The Royal Commission. 

Poore, II, 1275. 

b. Governor Cranfield unpopular and driven out. 

6. Under Andros Government, 1686. 

7. Reunited with Massachusetts, 1690. 

Hart, I, No. 126. 

8. Under a new Proprietor, 1691-92. 

9. Royal Government revived. 

a. Under the supervision of the Governor of Mass., 1698-1741. 

b. Condition of the Colony by Lt.-Gov. Wentworth, 1731. 

Hart, I, No. 21. 

c. Boundary determined, 1737. 

10. A Separate Royal Province. 1741-1776. 

a. Final separation from Mass., 1741. 

b. The Mason claim purchased, 1749. 

4. Church and State. 

Cobb, 290-300. 

1. Religious Establishments. 

2. Religious tests. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 53 

XXII. DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL UFE IN 
THE PURITAN COLONIES. 

I. Social Life. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 148; Thwaites, viii; Lodge, Hist, of the Colonies, ch. xxii; 
Eggleston, Century, VIII, 387, and Hist. U. S., chs. xvi-xix; Howe, chs. v-ix; 
Tyler, ch. xix; Channing, I, ch. xix in passim; James, ch. xi; Earle, Customs and 
Manners in Old New England; Fisher, Men, Women and Manners in Colonial 
Times ; Chamberlain, Sam'l Sewall and the World He Lived In ; Adams, Three 
Episodes of Mass. History, II, chs. vi, vii; Doyle, III, chs. i, ix; Higginson, Larger 
History, ch. viii; Andrews, ch. xviii, in passim. 

1. Class Divisions. 

1. Aristocratic Society. 

2. Sumptuary laws regulating dress, to preserve this distinction. 

3. Preeminence of the professional class, especially the clergy. 

Hart, I, No. 96. 

4. Contrast with the structure of Southern society. 

a. The Northern more democratic and homogeneous. 

2. Social Life centered in the Church. 

Adams, II, ch. ix; Eggleston, Transit, etc., ch. iv, in passim. 

3. Family Life. 

Hart, I, No. 149. 

1. Marriage encouraged. 

2. Treatment of bachelors. 

3. Training of children. * 

4. Attitude toward amusements. 

4. Fashion. 

"On the Frivolties of Fashions" by Nath. Ward (1647). 
Lib. of Am. Lit., I, 276. 

5. New England Life as seen by Outsiders. 

Hart, I, Nos. 145, 146. 

n. Industrial System and Economic Conditions. 

Bib. Weeden's Economic and Social History of New England; Coman, Industrial His- 
tory of U. S., chs. i-iv, in passim; Wright, Industrial Evolution of the U. S., chs. 
i-iii; vii-ix, in passim; Howe, ch. vi, Andrews, ch. xix, in passim, and as above. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 54 

1. Industrial Pursuits. 

1. Agriculture. 

Eggleston; Century, V, 431. 

2. Commerce and Shipbuilding. 

Century, VI, 234. 

3. Fisheries. 

4. Manufacturing. 

2. System of Labor. 

1. Free. 

2. vSlavery, 

Moore, Hist, of Slavery in Mass.; Mag. of Atner. Hist., xxi, 62, 156, 
XXV, 490. 

a. Extent. 

b. Reasons for failure. 

c. The first "anti-Slavery" tract. 1700. 

Hart, II, No. 103. 

3. Results of the system. 

III. Religious Life and Moral Influence. 

1. Relation between Church and State. 

Doyle, III, 66-67; Cobb, ch. v; Osgood, I, pt. 2, ch. iii; Andrews, 
ch. xviii in passim. 

I. Political significance. 

Lauer, Church & State in New England, J. H. U. Studies, X, No. 
II-III; Walker, Thomas Hooker; Borgeaud, Origin of Dem. 
Consts. 

2. The Church: Its organization and government. 

Old South Leaflets, No. 55. 

1. The Congregational System. 

a. The Church. 

b. The Society or Corporation, 

2. The Pastor, Teacher and Deacons. 

a. Choice. 

b. Salary, paid by town. 

3. The Synod : A voluntary organization of the churches. 



AMERICAN COI^ONIAIv HISTORY. 55 

3. The Puritan Sabbath. 

Earle, Sabbath in Puritan New England; Adams, II, ch. x; Howe, 
ch. vii. 

1. Sabbath laws in New England. 

Hart, I, No. 143. 

2. Compulsory attendance upon church. 

3. The tithing man: the regulation of the morals and conduct of 

the community. 

4. The Meeting-House and Church Services. 

Eggleston, Century, III, 352, XI, 901; Adams, II, ch. ix. 

1. The Sermon. 

2. The Hymns. 

Hart, I, No. 138. 

5. Religious controversies. 

Cobb, 181-213. 

6. Religious Experience. 

Lib. of Am. Lit. I, 170, 216, 276, 3S9. 

7. Intolerance of the Puritans. 

Avery, II, ch. xvii; Adams, Mass., Its Historians and its History; 
Hart, I, No. 112. 

1. Early instances. • 

Ante, p. 43. 

2. The treatment of the Quakers. 1656-60. 

Bib. C. & H. Guide, sect. 125; Cobb, 213-223, 259-261, 287-288, 293; 
Hart, I, Nos. 140-142; Letters and Petitions of the Quakers, Lib. 
of Am. Lit, I, 394, 401; Hallowell, Quaker Invasion of Mass.; 
Doyle, III, 98-114, 400; Ellis, Puritan Age, ch. xii; Osgood, I, 
269-289. 

3. Extenuating circumstances, if any. 

8. Opposition to the Established Puritan Church. 

Cobb, 223-338; Osgood, I, 256-269. 

1. Baptists. 

2. Episcopalians. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 56 

9. Superstition of the Puritans. 

1. The Salein Witchcraft. 1691-93. 

C. & H. Guide, sect. 129; Doyle, III, 298-311; Hart, II, Nos. 16-18. 

2. Practice and belief in the rest of the civilized world. 

Burr, Translatious and Reprints, voL III, No. 4. 

3. Point of view from which to be regarded. 

IV. Educational Influences. 

Boone, Education in the U. S.; Palfrey, History of New England. 

1. Educational System General. 

1. Connecticut. 

Ante, p. 42. 

a. First law. 1650. Similar to Mass. Law. 

Tyler, 324. 

b. Yale College founded, 1700. 

Hart, II, No. 90. 

2. New Hampshire. 
a. First law, 1658. 

3. Rhode Island. 

a. First law, 1664. 

2. Introduction of printing, and diffusion of papers and pamphlets. 

3. Culture and ability of the clergy. , 

Hart, I, No. 96. 

4. Effect upon politics, religion and society. 

V. Political Ideas and Institutions. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 147; Thwaites, chap. viii. 

1. Similar in the other New England Colonies to those in Mass. 

Bay. 

I. Democratic influence — strong. 

a. Popular elections. 

b. Frequent elections. 

c. Town meetings; their tendency. 

Hart, 11, No, 78. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 57 

THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 

INSTITUTIONALLY, AS WELL AS GEOGRAPHICALLY, THE LINK BETWEEN 
NEW ENGLAND AND THE SOUTH. 



XXIII. NEW YORK. 



I. The Dutch Rule. 



* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 104; Tbwaites, ch. ix; Channiiig, I, cbs. xvi, xvii; Avery, 
II, chs. iv, xi; Osgood, II, ch. v; Winsor, Nar. & Critical Hist., iv, 395-409; Fiske, 
Dutch aud Quaker Colonies, I, cbs. iv-ix; Doj'le, IV, ch. i; Jones, Colonization of 
the Middle States, chs. i-vi; Lodge, ch. xvi; Eggleston, Century, III, 724; Wilson, 
Mem. Hist, of the City of New York, I; Bryant & Gay, I, 339-369, 429-449; Roberts, 
New Y^'ork, I, chs. iii, iv, v, vi; Roosevelt, New York, 1-89; Broadhead, New 
York, I; O'Callagban, New Netherlands, 2 vols. 

1. The Netherlands, its Political and Institutional Development. 

Broadhead, I, ch. xiii; Fiske, I, chs. i, ii; Campbell, Puritans in 
England, Holland and Amer., II, chs. xix, xx; Jameson, in Mag. 
of Amer. History, VIII, 315-321; Davis, History of Holland, I, 
ch. ii. 

2. The Dutch and Henry Hudson. 

I. Hi.s voyage and exploration. 

Higginson, Explorers, 281-296; Fiske, I, 80-95; Brittaiu, ch. xvii; 
Hart, I, No. 38. 

a. Purpose. 

b. Results. 

3. Enterprise of the Dutch Trading Companies. 

Hart, I, Nos. 150-151. 

1. Dutch merchants' activity, 1613-14. 

a. Trading posts: Manhattan. 

b. Explorations of Block and May. 

2. The United New Netherland Co. Charter, 1614. 

N. Y. Col. Doc, I, 47; Broadhead, I. 60. 

a. A commercial grant only. 

b. Renewal of charter refused : Dutch politics. 1618. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 58 

3. The Dutch West India Co. 

Hazard, I, 121-131; Cheytiey, 152-156; Broailhead, I, 134, 148; Mag. 
of Anier. Hist, XVIII, 273-288; O'Callaghan, I, 89. 

a. Charter: Governmental and commercial grant, 1621. 

b. Provisions for government of the Province of New Nether- 

land, 1623. 

1. Relation of the Company to the Government. 

2. The Amsterdam Chamber. 

4. Permanent settlements and experiments in government. 

Hart, I, No. 153. 

a. Fort Orange, 1623. 

b. Purchase of Manhattan, 1626. 

c. Cosmopolitan character of colonists, 

d. The first Director-Generals: Minuit and Van Twiller. 

4. The Patroons and their system. 

1. Charter of Privileges and Exemptions, 1629. 

MacDonald,43; Broadhead.1, 187-194; Elting, in J. H. U. Studies.IV^ 
12-17; Fiske, I, 133-137, 170-172; O'Callaghan, I, 112-120, 218-222. 

a. Feudal features. 

b. Inducements to settlers. 

2. The early manors on the North and South Rivers. 

3. Results of system — immediate and remote. 

a. Early modification: Articles of colonization, 1638-41. ' 

b. Rent riots in the XIX. Century. 1839-46. 

Murry, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1896, I, 137. 

5. Struggle for Political Rights under Kieft. 1638-44. 

O'Callaghan, I, 240-250, 283-295, 305-318; Osgood, II, 141-147. 

1. Paternalism. 

a. Director-General and other officers. 

2. Representative Boards. 

a. Indian troubles lead to choice of Twelve Men. 1641-42. 

Their proposed reforms. 

b. The Eight Men, and their appeals to Holland. 1643-44. . 

3. Recall of Kieft, no reforms. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 59 

6. Stuyvesant's Administration : Struggles for political rights con- 

tinued. 

O'Callaghan, II, esp. chs. vii-ix; Osgood, II, 147-158. 

1. Character of Stuyvesant. 

Tuckerman, Stuyvesant. 

2. The Nine Men and their contest with the Director-General. 

1647-51. 
a. Their memorial to the States-General. 

3. Growth and prosperity of the colony. 

4. Strnggle for local governmental rights. 

McKinley, The Eng. and Dutch Towns of New Netherlands; Amer. 
Hist. Rev., VI, i. 

a. The English towns of Long Island secnre it. 

b. Municipal government for New Amsterdam: granted 1653. 

Jameson, in Mag. of Amer. Hist., VIII, 321. 

c. Local government in other Dutch towns. 

d. Contrast between the English and Dutch towns. 

5. Struggle for Representation renewed. 

a. The popular Assembly of 1653: Their remonstrance. 

b. Ten years without representation, 1653-63. 

c. Assemblies of 1663-64. 

1. Dutch representative bodies. 

2. Union and disaffection of English towns. 

d. Results. 

7. Relation with the Swedes on the Delaware. 1638-1655. 

Post, p. 65. 

8. Rivalry with the English. 

I. With Plymouth, on the Connecticut, 1633. 



With Connecticut and New Haven Colonies. 
English settlements on Long Island, 1639. 
With the New England Confederation. 
Stuyvesant's peace policy; treaty of Hartford, 1650. 
Rival claims. 



9. Conquest of New Netherlands, 1664. 

Hart, I, No. 155; Mag. of Am. History, XIX, 233. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 6o 

1. Causes and motives. 

2. The Capitulations. 

N. Y. Col. Doc, II, 250. 

3. Importance of the conquest. 

4. Immediate results. 

5. The reconquest and restoration (1673-74). 

10. Features of Dutch Life. 

1. Population. 

2. Customs. 

3. Religious aflfairs. 

Cobb, 301-325. 

a. Reform church established, 1638. 

b. Toleration to 1651. 

c. Exceptions and persecutions under Stuyvesant 

4. Industries. 

5. Influence of the Dutch in American History. 

Campbell, Puritans in England, Holland and America, II, ch, xxii; 
Griffis, Influence of the Netherlands; Harper's Mag., Vol. 88, 213. 
Fisher, The Evolution of the Const, of U. S., ch. ix. 

11. English Rule in New York. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 105; Thwaites, chap, ix; Andrews, chs. 
V, vi; Osgood, II, chs, vi, vii, xiv; Doyle, IV, chs. ii-iii; Avery, 

III, ch. iv; Channing, II, ; Fiske, II, 25-61, 168-257; Win- 

sor, America, iii, 385-411; v, 189-207; Wilson, Mem. Hist, of N. 
Y. City, I-II; Fisher, Colonial Era, chaps, ix, xiv; Bryant & Gay, 
II» 319-354; Lodge, 295-311; Roberts, I, ch. xii; Jones, chs. vii, xii. 

1. Grants to the Duke of York, Proprietor, 1664, 1674. 

Poore, Charters & Consts., 783, 7S6; MacDonald, 136; Mag. of Am. 
Hist., VIII, 24; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 92-96. 

2. Transition from Dutch to English Rule. 

McKinley, in Amer. Hist. Rev., VI, 693. 

I. Governor Nicolls' Policy. 

a. To the English towns of Long Island. 

b. To the Dutch towns. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 6l 

c. To settlements in New Jersey. 

2. The Duke of York's Laws. 

The Col. Laws of N. Y., I, 6-73; Penna. Charter and -Laws, 3-59 
(pub. by State of Penua.). 

a. Source, nature and purpose. 

b. Comparison with New England laws. 

c. At first applied to English towns only. 

d. Gradual extension to other settlements. 

3. Local Government. 

a. In the English towns. 

b. In New York City. 

Jameson, in Mag. of Amer. Hist., VIII, 598-611; McKinley, op. cit. 

1. Modification of Dutch system, 1665. 

2. Dongan's Charter, 1683-86. 

Mag. of Amer. Hist., XVI, 37. 

c. In the Dutch towns on the Hudson. 

d. In the settlements on the Delaware. 

3. Struggle for a Representative Assembly. 

Osgood, II, 159-168; Doyle, IV, ch. iv; Jour, of the Leg. Council, I, 
Introduction; N. Y. Col. Laws, I, Introduction. 

1. Under Governor Nicolls. 

a. Law-making power of Court of Assizes. 

b. English towns seek a charter, 1671. 

c. English towns temporarily unite with Connecticut, 1673-74. 

2. Under Governor Andros. 1674-1683. 

a. Renewal of agitation for assembly. 

b. Andros and Duke of York's Correspondence. 

N. Y. Col. Doc, III, 230, 235, 317, 318; Appx., 1675; Egerton, Eng. 
Col. Policy, 104. 

c. Rebellion of Assembly imminent. 

3. Under Governor Dongan, 1683-1688. 

Hart, I, No. 156; Mag. of Amer. Hist., VIII, 106. 

a. Inauguration of new political institutions: His instructions. 

N. Y Col. Doc, II, 331; Broadhead, II, 37. 

b. Election of an Assembly, 1683. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 62 

<:. The Charter of L/iberties. 

N. Y. Col. Laws, I, iii-ii6; Broadhead, II, 383; Mag. of Amer. 
Hist., XVI, 30, 

I. Leading provisions and source. 
d. The Duke of York becomes King, 1685, 

1. He revokes representative government. 

2. New York as a Royal Province, 1685-1688. 

Osgood, III, ch. xii. 

4. James II's Colonial Policy. 

1. Consolidation of the Northern Colonies. 1688. 

N. Y. Col. Doc, II, 537, 543. Ante, p. 49. 

2. Andres' government: Law-making power. 

5. Leisler's Revolution, 1688. 

Andrews, 283-287; Osgood, III, ch. xv; Doyle, IV, ch. v; Hart, I, 
No. 157; Doc. in Fiske, II, Appx., 357-369. 

1. The occasion. 

2. The Anti-Catholic panic. 

3. Leisler's government and Assembly, 1688-91. 

4. The Colonial Congress, 1690. 

5. Leisler's arrest and execution. 

6. His character and motives. 

6. New York a Royal Province, 1691-1776. 

Avery, III, chs. xvii, xviii, xxvi, in passim; Doyle, IV, ch. vi; Jones, 
chs. xiii, xiv. 

1. Reconstruction of the Government. 

a. A Representative Assembly finally established. 

b. Royal Governors. 

2. Struggle to maintain Popular Government. 
a. Assembly versus Governor. 

1. Salary question. 

2. Money bills. 

3. Annual assemblies. 

3. Religious Liberty. 

Cobb, Rise of Religious Liberty, 325-361. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 63 

a. Status of Catholics. 

b. The English Church. 

c. Status of Dutch Reformed and other sects. 

d. Religious disputes between the Governor and Assembly. 
4. Liberty of the press. 

a. Zenger's trial and results. 1732. 

Hart, II, No. 72; Fiske, II, 248-257. 

XXIV. NEW JERSEY. 

* Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec. 106; Andrews, chs. vii, viii; Avery, III, ch. v; Osgood, II, 
ch. viii; Winsor, III, 420-449; V, 217-222; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Colonies, II, 

10-16, 92-98, 139-147; Doyle, IV, chs. vii, viii; Chauning, II, ; Bryant & 

Gay, II, ch. xx; Lodge, chs. xiv, xv; Jones, chs. x, xv; Lee, New Jersey, Colony 
and State; Raum's New Jersey; Mulford's New Jersey; Smith, Nova Caesarea(for 
documents); Whitehead, East Jersey. 

1 . Early Settlements. 

1. Dutch. 

a. On the North River. 

b. On the Delaware (South River), Ft. Nassau, 1623. 

2. Engli.sh settlers from New Haven. 1641. 

2. Grants of the Duke of York to Berkeley and Carteret, 1664. 

MacDonald, 139. 

1. Reason for the grant. • 

2. The name, Nova Caesarea. 

3. Proprietary government. 

/?. Concessions and agreements, 1665. 

MacDonald, 141; Hart, I, No. 164; Scott, in J. H. U. Studies, III, 
No. 8. 

3. Settlements. 

1. By Proprietary Colonists at Elizabeth town, 1665. 

2. By New Haven and other New England Colonists. 1665-67. 

a. Reasons for. 

b. Founding and local government of Newark, etc. 

Hart, I, No. 165. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 64 

4. Early Government. 

1. First Assembly at Elizabeth. 1668. 

a. Puritan code of laws adopted. 

b. The Assembly and Gov. Carteret quarrel. 

c. No legal Assembly for 7 years. 

2. Contest over the quit rents. 1670. 

3. The unauthorized assembly, 1671. 

a. Rebellion against the Proprietary Government. 

5. Berkeley sells his undivided share to Quakers, 1672. 

1. John Fen wick and Ed. Billings purchasers. 

2. William Penn becomes interested. 

6. New Grant to Carteret, 1674. 

MacDonald, 171; Hart, I, No. 166. 

1. Division recognized. 

a. East Jersey to Carteret. 

b. West Jersey to Quaker party. 

2. The division made: Quinti partite deed, 1676. 

MacDonald, 171. 

7. Quaker Settlements in West Jersey. 

1. Fenwick colonizes Salem, 1675. 

2. Penn and others send out colonists, 1677. 
a. Burlington settled. 

3. Quaker immigration: yearly meeting established. 1681. 

8. Government of West New Jersey. 

Hart, I, No. 168. 

1. " Concessions and Agreements." 1677. 

MacDonald, 174; Liberty Bell Leaflets, No. 2; Smith, 521. 
a. Drawn by Penn. 
h. Liberal character. 

2. First Assembly, 1681. 

9. Government of East New Jersey. 

Hart, I, No. 167. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 65 

1. Purchase from Carteret's heirs by Penn and associates. 1681. 

2. Frame of government, 1683. 

MacDonald, 190. 
a. Iviberal character. 

10. Struggle of the Jerseys to maintain their independence. 

1. Audros asserts Duke of York's jurisdiction. 1675-79. 

2. Duke of York's release, 1680. 

3. James II. secures temporary surrender of the East Jersey 

patent. 1686-88. 

4. Final surrender of proprietary rights of both colonies to the 

Crown. 1701-02. 

Hart, II. No. 26. 

11. New Jersey a Royal Province, 1702-1776. 

1. East and West Jerseys united. 

2. Presided over by Governor of New York, 1 701-1738. 

3. Independent Governor, 1738-1776. 

4. Features of the government. 

a. Suffrage and representation. 

b. Quarrels with the Governors, 

c. Riots and insurrections, 1 744-1 748. 

Hart, II, No. 30. 

5. Religious affairs: Quakers and Politics. 

Cobb, Rise of Religious Liberty, 399-418. 

6. General prosperity and reasons therefor. 

XXV. PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 107, xo8; Thwaites, chap, ix; Andrews, chs. xi, xii; Avery, 
III, chs. vi, xv; Osgood, II, ch. xi; Doyle, IV, ch. ix; Channing, II, ; Sharp- 
less, Two Centuries of Penna. History, esp. chs. i-iv; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker 
Colciuies, II, chs. xii, xvi; S G. Fisher, The Making of Pennsylvania; and Penn- 
sylvania, Colony and Commonwealth; W. R. Shepherd, Hist, of Proprietary Gov- 
ernment in Penna ; Winsor, America, III, 469-95; V, 208-217; Jones, chs. xi, xvi; 
Lodj^e, English Colonies in America, chap, xii; Fisher, Colonial Era, chaps, xi, 
xvi; Proud or Gordon, Penna.; Young, Mem. Hist, of Philadelphia; Sharpless, A 
Quaker Experiment in Government; Jenkins, Pennsylvania, I. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 



66 



1. Settlements in the Delaware Valley prior to 1681. 

Sharpless. Penna., 17-19; Vincent's or Scharf's Delaware; Hart, I, 
Nos. 150, 151, 158-160. 

1. Dutch settlements, 1623-38. 

See Ante, p. 63. 

2. Swedish settlements. 

Winsor, IV, 443-488; Avery, II, ch. xii. 

a. Influence of William Usselinx. 

Jameson, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Papers, II. 

b. Designs of Gustavus Adolphus. 

c. First settlements, 1638. 

d. Relations with, and conquest by, the Dutch. 1650-55. 

Fiske, I, 237-242. 

e. Transfer to the English, 1664. 

3. English colonists. 

a. Attempts of New Haven colonists, 1635-42. 

b. Quaker forerunners on both banks of the river. 1675-1681. 

4. English rule under the Duke of York, 1664-1681. 

2. Rise of the Quakers. 

Fisher, Making of Penna., chaps, ii-iii; Sharpless, 30-39; Janney or 
Evans, History of the Friends. 

1. Characteristics and Opinions of the Quakers. 

Hart, II, No. 98; Applegarth, The Quakers in Penna., J. H. U.. 
Studies, vol. X, Nos. viii-ix; Scott, Development of Const, Lib., 
63-81. 

2. George Fox and the growth of the movement in England, 1640. 

3. The persecution of the Quakers, 

a. In England. 

b. In the Colonies. 

3. William Penn. 

Janney, Dixon or Clarksou, Life of Penn; Fisher, The True Wm. 
Penn. 

1. His early life and conversion to the Society of Friends. 

2. His connection with the colonization of New Jersey by Quakers. 

3. His connection with the Stuarts. 

4. Reasons for desiring to found a colony. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 67 

4. Grant and Charter to Penn, as Proprietor, 1681. 

Poore, II, 1509; MacDonald, 183; Preston, 130; Pcnoa. Charter and 
Laws, 81. 

1. Extent of grant. 

Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 98-104, 110-118; Janney, chs. xii, xviii. 

a. Secures grant of Delaware from the Duke of York. 

b. Later boundary disputed. 

Shepherd, ch. vii; Fisher, Making of Penna., chs. x-xi; Penna. Maj^. 
of Hist., ix, 241-271; Sharpless, 181-184. 

1. Maryland and Virginia. 

2. Connecticut. 

3. New York. 

4. Mason and Dixon's Line; 1763-67. 

Hart, I, No. 77; II, No. 38. 

2. Chief provisions of the Charter. 

a. Position of the Proprietor: new restrictions. 

b. Law-making power. 

c. Taxation. 

d. Religious toleration. 

3. Compare with Maryland and the other Proprietary grants. 

Osgood, in Am. Hist. Review, iv, 31. 

5. Measures taken to attract emigrants. 

Shepard, ch. iv. 

1. Penn's " Concessions." 

Poore, II, 1516; Penna. Charter & Laws, 467. 

a. Its character. 

2. Penn's Constitution or " Frame of Government" of 1682. 

Poore, 1518; Penna. Charter & Laws, 91; MacDonald, 192. 

a. Drawn in England. 

b. Penn's political philosophy. 

c. Nature of the government. 

d. Relation between Proprietor and colonists. 

3. Laws agreed upon in England. 

Penna. Const. & Laws, 99-103. 

4. Results of these measures. 

Hart, I, No. 161. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 68 

a. A large emigration. 

1. From England. 

2. From the Continent. 

b. Settlement of Philadelphia. 

6. Penn's first visit, and the establishment of the government, 

1682-83. 

* Fisher, Penna., 1-35; Shimmell, Penna., 112-138. 

1. Penn calls Assembly at Chester, Dec, 1682. 

a. Purpose. 

b. "The Great Body of Laws," Dec. 7, 1682. 

Penna. Charter and Laws, 107. 

c. Chief provisions relating to — 

1. Religious freedom and Sunday Laws. 

2. Regulation of moral conduct. 

3. Suflfrage. 

4. Arbitrators, or "Peace Makers." 

2. The Act of Settlement, March 19, 1683. 

Penna. Const. & Laws, 123, 488. 

3. The Frame of Government of April 2, 1683. 

Penna. Const. & Laws, 155; Poore, II, 1527; MacDonald, 199. 

a. Changes effected. 

7. Treatment of the Indians. 

Fisher, Penna., ch. vii; Sharpless, 1-16, 45, 58-62, 129-182. 

1. The Indians of Pennsylvania. 

2. The Great Treaty and Penn's policy. 

Hart, I, No. 162; Lib. of Am. Lit., II, 227. 

3. The "Walking Purchase," 1737. 

8. The Growth of the Colony. 

I. The variety of races represented. 

Fisher. Making of Penna., chs. iv-viii; Sharpless, 186-197; Fiske, II, 
348-356; Jones, ch. viii in passim. 

a. The English and Welsh Quakers. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 69 

b. The Germans. 

Kuhns, German & Swiss Settlements of Penna.; Bittinger, The 
Germans in Colonial Times; Proceedings of the Penna.-German 
Soc, vols, vii-ix. 

1. Causes for emigration. 

2. The early comers, various sectaries, 1683-. 

Hart, I, No. 163. 

3. The great emigration, 1709-1776. 

a. Palatines. 

Hart, II, No. 29. 

b. The Reformed and Lutheran. 

4. The Redemptioners. 

Geiser, Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in Penna. 

c. The Scotch-Irish. 

Hanna, The Scotch- Irish in America, II, ch. iv. 

2. The Areas settled by the diflferent races. 

3. The political relations and influence. 

9. The Province after Penn's departure. 

Fisher, Penna., 35-65; Sharpless, 66-83. 

1. Disturbance in the colony to 1693. 
a. Causes and attempted remedies. 

2. A Royal Colony. (1693-1694.) 

a. Penn deprived of his authority and placed on trial. 

b. Gov. Fletcher and the Assembly. 

3. The Restoration of Penn's authority. 
a. Changes in the government. 

I. Markham's Frame, 1696. 

Poore, II, 1531; Penna. Charter & Laws, 245; MacDonald, 217. 

10. The Return of Penn and his Last Acts in the Colony, 1699- 

1701. 

I. The Charter of Privileges, 1701. 

Poore, II, 1536; MacDonald, 224. 

a. Its chief provisions. 

1. Release of the "Territories." (Delaware.) 

Hart, II, No. 27. 

2. The Legislative Body, Unicameral. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. JO 

a. Its powers. 

b. The reappearance of the Council. 

3. The rights of prisoners. 

4. Liberty of conscience. 

5. Provision for amendment. 

11. Penn's Difficulties and Last Years. 

Sharpless, 90-108. 

1. Hostility of the Lords of Trade and Colonel Quarry. 

Ames, in Penna. Mag., XXIV, 61-80; Kellogg, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. 
Rept., 1903, I. 

2. Financial troubles. 

a. Ford's frauds and Penn's imprisonment. 1707. 

3. Partisan politics in the Colony. 

a. The Proprietary party and James Logan. 

b. The Popular party and David Lloyd, 

c. The resolutions of 1704 attacking Penn, 

d. Penn's disappointment. 

4. Projected sale of the Province to the Crown. 1703-12. 

5. His illness and death. 1712-18. 

12. Continuous Struggle between the Proprietary Interests and the 

Assembly to the Revolution. 

Sharpless, chs. vi-x; Avery, III, 363-371. 

1. Financial Questions. 

a. Governor's Salary, 

b. Restriction upon paper money issues. 

c. Taxation of the Proprietary estates. 

2. Secret Instructions. 

3. War measures and appropriations. 

a. The demands of the Crown and Quaker conscience. 

b. Withdrawal of Quakers from Assembly in 1756. 

4. Selfishness of the Proprietaries arouses the Colonists. 

a. Assembly appeals to the Crown, 1757. 
I. Franklin's mission and its success. 

b. Agitation for a Crown Colony, 1757-1764. 

5. Parties and Local Divisions. 

Ivincoln, The Revolutionary MoTement in Penna., chs, i-iii. 



AMERICAN COI^ONIAIv HISTORY. 7 1 

a. The Quaker Assembly. 

b. The friction between the Eastern and Western Counties, 

1. Differing Indian Policy. 

2. Unequal representation. 

3. The Scotch-Irish vs. the Quaker. 

4. The political influence of the Germans. 

5. Results as affecting the Revolutionary contest. 



XXVI. INSTITUTIONAL LIFE IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 

*Bib. Ivodge, Eng. Colonies, chs. xiii, xvii; Fiske, II, chs. xv-xvii; Earle, Colonial 
Days in Old New York; Fisher, Men, Women and Manners; Scott, Development 
of Constitutional Liberty, ch. vi; Budd, Colonial Legislature in Penn., 1700-1712; 
Andrews, chs. xviii, xiz, in passim; Greene, chs. xvi-xviii, in passim. 

1. Chief Characteristics. 

1. Little that was distinctive in institutions. 

2. Diversity of population, very marked. 

3. Variety in institutional life and customs. 

2. Local Government: "The Mixed System." 

Fiske, Civil Government, 78-79; Howard, Local Const. Hist., 102- 
"7. 358-364, 368-387; Hoi comb, Penna. Boroughs. J. H. U. 
Studies. Vol. IV, No. iv. 

1. The chief difference between local institutions in New York 

and Pennsylvania. 

2. Influence upon the West. 

3. Religion. 

Cobb, 301-361, 399-417, 440-453- 

1. In New York. 

a. Under the Dutch. 

b. Under the English. 

2. New Jersey. 

a. Puritan and Quaker influence. 

b. No established church. 

3. In Pennsylvania and Delaware. 
a. Religious freedom. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 73 

b. The test acts. 

Still^, in Penna. Hist. Mag., IX, 188-220. 

c. Various .sects and influences. 

Hart, II, No. 97, p. 278. 

4. In General. 

a. Toleration for Protestants by end of 17th century. 

b. Laws against Romanists. 

4. Educational Facilities and Attainments. 

Fisher, Penn, ch. viii; Boone, Education in the U. S. 

1. New York. 

a. Schools established under the Dutch. 

b. Extent and influence. 

c. Under the English. 

2. Pennsylvania. 

Sharpless, 197-207. 

a. No general system. 

b. Early schools in Philadelphia and vicinity. 
I. First medical school in America. 1765. 

c. The beginnings of the Univ. of Penna., 1740-1749. 

d. Scientific and Literary activities. 

1. American Philosophical Society. 1769. 

2. Literary facilities. 

3. Early newspapers. 1719-1739. 

3. Compare with New England and the South. 

5. Industrial Life and Occupation. 

Wright, Industrial Evolution of the U. S., chs ii, iii, vi-viii; Coman, 
Industrial History of the U. S., chs. i-iv, in passim; Hart, II, 
Nos. 25, 28. 

1. Agriculture, favored by physical conditions. 

2. Manufacturers. 

3. Foreign Commerce, extensive. 

4. Redemptioners and indentured servants. 

Geiser, Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in Penna.; Hart, 
II, No. 105. See Post, p. 79. 

5. Slavery. 

a. Extent. 

Am. Hist. Assoc. Papers, V, 337. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. ']2i 

b. Early protests against slavery, 1688, 1737. 

Hart, II, Nos. 102, 106; Lib. of Am. Lit, III, 78, 84. 

6. Social Life. 

1. Social classes: degree of separation. 

2. Houses and furnishings. 

3. Dress and customs. 

4. Social gatherings and pastimes. 

XXVII. FRENCH EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION 

AFTER 1600. 

1. Early Settlements in Canada and the North. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 89; Cambridge History, VII, 70-78; Avery, 
II, ch. i; Thwaites, France in America, chs. i, ii; Greswell, Can- 
ada, ch. vi; Winsor, America, IV, 103; Parkman, Pioneers of 
France in the New World; Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac; Bouri- 
not's Story of Canada, chs. ii-vi; Hart, Contemporaries, I, Nos. 
39-41- 

1. Revival of French activity in America at opening of the XVII. 

Century. 

a. Causes, 

b. De Monts in Acadia: 1603-04. 

Parkman, Pioneers, 245-257. 

c. Champlain's Explorations: New England, 1604; Quebec, 

1608; Lake Champlain, 1609; Lake Huron, 161 5. 

Grant, Voyages of Champlain; Higginsou, Explorers, 269-278. 

d. English capture and restore the French settlements. 1629-32. 

2. The Rule of the Hundred Associates. 1627-1663. 

a. Policy of Richelieu. 

b. The Charter. 

Cheyney, 156-160; Munro, The Seigniorial System in Canada, 22-27. 

c. Causes for the failure of the company. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 74 

2. French Exploration of the Interior. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 90-91; Thwaites, chs. iv, v; Channing, 
II, ; Avery, III, ch. ix; Bryant & Gay, II, 499-553; Ban- 
croft, U. S., Ill, 109-174; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac, ch. ii; 
Parknian, La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West; Winsor, 
Cartier to Frontenac; Ogg, Opening of the Miss., chs. ii-vi; 
Greswell, ch. viii; Hamilton, chs. ix-xiii; Winsor, The Mississippi 
Basin; Winsor, America, IV, chs. v-vi; Moore, The Northwest 
under Three Flags, ch. i; Rourinot, chs. xii, xiii; Hart, I, Nos. 
42-43; II, Nos. 109-1 II. 

1. Lakes Superior and Michigan discovered, by 1635. 

2. Joliet and Marquette discover the Mississippi: 1673. 

Thwaites, Marquette; Hart, I, No. 42. 

3. Hennepin at the Falls of St, Anthony: 1680. 

4. La Salle explores Mississippi to its mouth. 1681. 

Cox, La Salle; Hart, I, No. 43. 
a. Attempt to settle and his death. 1684-87. 

5. Iberville and Bienville in Mobile Bay and the Lower Missis- 

sippi: Biloxi: 1699-1701. 
Hamilton, Colonial Mobile. 

6. New Orleans founded: 17 17. 

King, New Orleans, Place and People. 

7. "The Chain of Forts." 



XXVIIL RIVALRY OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH: THE 
STRUGGLE FOR POSSESSION. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 131-132; Greene, chs. vii-x; Thwaites, chs. vi-xvii; Avery, 
IV; Winsor, America, V, 407, 490; Parkman, Frontenac and New France, 208-285, 
335-387; Parkman, A Half Century of Conflict; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolf; 
Parkman, Conspiracy of Ponliac; Sloane, The French War and the Revolution, 
chs. iii-ix; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, I, 84-94, 131-157; Johnson, The 
Old French Wars; Drake, The Border Wars of New England; Winsor, The Missis- 
sippi Basin; Hinsdale, The Old Northwest, chs. iii-v; Moore, chs. ii-v; Hart, II, 
Nos. 112, 117, 120, 123-129; Bourinot, Story of Canada, chs. xiv-xviii; Bourinot, 
Canada, ch. i; Fiske, New France and New England; Ogg, chs. vii, viii; Ham- 
ilton, chs. xvii, xviii; Greswell, chs. ix, xi, xii. 

1. General Causes of Rivalry. 

I. Character and interests of the French and English nations. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 75 

2. Opposite tendencies and character of their colonists. 

3. Geographical relations. 

4. Relation with the Indians. 

2. Canada under Royal Rule. 1663-1 763 : A Century of Paternal- 

ism and Feudalism. 

Morris, Hist, of Colonization, I, 360-384; Hart, II, No. 112; Bourinot, 
Canada, 27-36; Bourinot, Story of Canada, ch. xi; Ashley, Early 
Const. History of Canada; Cambridge History, VII, ch. iii; Munro, 
ch. ii. 

a. Government and Administration. 

b. The Seigneuries. 

Munro, The Seigniorial System in Canada. 

c. Church and State. 

d. The Colony and the Crown. 

e. The work of Frontenac. 

3. Colonial Extension. 

1. French plans and policy. 

2. Gov. Dongan of N. Y. tries to block French extension westward. 

3. English confined to the seaboard. 

4. The Inter-Colonial Wars. 

Greene, chs. viii-x; Thwaites, chs. vi-xvii; Avery, III, ch. x; IV, 
chs. i-xvii; Doyle, V, ch. ix; Cambridge History, VII, ch. iv. 

1. King William's War: 1690-1697. (William and Louis XIV.) 

a. Immediate causes: Struggle for Acadia and New France. 

b. Strength of combatants. 

c. Chief events. 

d. Results. Peace of Ryswick. 

MacDonald, 222. 

2. Queen Anne's War: 1702-1713. (Spanish Succession.) 
«. , b.^ r., d.^ as above, e. Peace of Utrecht. 

MacDonald, 229. 

3. King George's War: 1744-48. (War of Austrian Succession.) 
«., b.^ c.^ d., as above, e.^ Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

MacDonald, 251. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 76 

4. The French and Indian War: 1754-1763. (The Seven Years' 

War.) 

Bradley, The Fight with France for North America; Kimball, 
Correspondence of Wm. Pitt, 2 vols. 

a. Causes in America. Struggle for the Mississippi and 

Louisiana. 

1. The French claim: The Ohio Valley. 

2. The Virginia claims to the Valley of the Mississippi. 

3. The Ohio Co., 1749. 

4. Preliminaries to the contest. 

b. Field of operations and leading events. 

c. Peace of Paris: 1763. 

MacDonald, 261; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 5. 

I. Geographical results. France abandons the continent. 

Hamilton, chs. xx, xxi. 

a. Territory ceded by France to England. 

b. Territory ceded by France to Spain. 

c. Territory ceded by Spain to England. 

5. Results of the Struggle. 

a. On the political and social institutions of America. 

b. On the relations of the Colonists to England and each other. 

c. On tlie World's history. 

6. England's organization of the ceded territory. 
a. Proclamation of 1763. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 5; Farrand, in Amer. Hist. Rev., X, 782. 

1. Province of Quebec. 

2. East and West Florida. 

3. Proclamation seeks to confine Colonies to seaboard. 

MacDonald, 267; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, ch, viii; Winsor, The 
Westward Movement; Howard, ch. xiii. 

4. Comparison : England's Colonial Policy with that of 

France and Spain. 

Morris, Hist, of Colonization; Moses, Spanish Rule, chs. ii, xi, xii. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 77 

XXIX. PLANS OF UNION AMONG THE ENGLISH 

COLONIES. 

* Bib. Carson, One Hundredth Anniversary of the Const, of the U. S., II, 439-503; 
Frothiugham, Rise of the Republic, 83-95, 110-121, 132-151; Thorpe, U. S., I, 1S5- 
211; Fisher, Evolution of the Const., ch. vi; James, ch. xxiii; Am. Hist. Iveafleta, 
Nos. 7, 14; Am. Hist. Studies, No. 3; Preston, 146, 176. 

1. The New England Confederation. 

See Ante, p. 46. 

2. Joint Indian Treaty Conventions and Congresses. 1684-1751. 

I. Gov. Dongan of N. Y. calls first. 1684. Nine in all. 

3. Leisler's Convention. 1690. 

4. William Penn's Plan of Union. 1697. 

5. Plans of Board of Trade. 

1. Plans between 1660-1697. 

2. Report of 1697. 

6. D'Avenant's Plan : 1698. 

7. "A Virginian's Plan:" 1701. 

8. Livingston's Plan : 1701. 

9. Board of Trade's Plan: 1721. 

10. Coxe'sPlan: 1722. 

11. Kennedy's Plan : 1751. 

12. Dinwiddie's Plan : 1754. 

13. Summary of the above plans. 

1. Democratic plans, local self-government preserved. 

2. Royalists' plans, centralization, 

3. Reason for non-action: Community of interests unappreciated. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 78 

14. The Albany Convention : 1754. 

Egerton, British Colonial Policy, 170-186; Fiske, Old Virginia, II, 
377-3<S2; Wiusor, VI, 65-67; Beer, British Colonial Policy, chs. 
i, ii; and as above. 

1. Occasion for the call of the Congress. 

2. Colonies represented. 

3. Franklin's Plan: Debated: Adopted, July 11. 

MacDonald, 253; Preston, 176. 

4. Chief features of plan adopted. 

a. New and important principles embodied. 

5. Rejection: Why objectionable to: 

a. The English Government. 

b. The Colonial Assemblies. 

Hart, II, No. 125. 

6. Contemporaneous plans: 1754. 

a. Hutchinson's Plan in Mass. Assembly. 

b. Plans of Lords of Trade. 

15. Intercolonial Relations : Elements of Union or Disunion. 

1. Decentralizing tendencies. 

a. Boundary disputes. 

b. Trade jealousies. 

c. Wide separation and lack of roads. 

d. Difference in interests and institutions, civil and religious. 

2. Conditions favorable to Union. 

a. Community of interests and relations to Mother country. 

b. Joint military expeditions foster cooperation. 

Scott, Reconstruction during the Civil War, chs. iii-iv; Crane and 
Moses, Politics, ch. ix. 

XXX. THE ENGLISH COLONIES TO THE MIDDLE OF THE 

XVIII. CENTURY. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees. 133, 146-148; Howard, Preliminaries of the Revolution, 
ch. i; Greene, chs. v, vi, xii, xiii, xiv, xvi-xviii; Doyle, V, passim; Channing, The 
United States, ch. i; Sloane, French War and Rev., ch. ii; Ashley, The Amer. 
Fed. State, 43-65; Wilson, The State, sees. 832-862; Schouler, Const. Studies, 
9-28; Bancroft, IV, ch. vi; Smith, The Thirteen Colonies, 3 vols. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 79 

1. Social, Economic and Moral Conditions and Institutions. 

1. Population: Races and distribution. 

Ames, "Peopling of the U. S." in Encyclopaedia Americana, XVI; 
Greene, ch. xv. 

a. Social conditions and classes. 

b. Westward expansion. 

Fiske, Old Virginia, ch. xvii; Hart, II, Nos. 134-137. 

c. Eighteenth century immigration. 

2. Economic Conditions: Industrial Life. 

Greene, chs. xvi, xvii; Coman, Industrial History of U. S., chs. i- 
iv; Bogart, Economic History of U. S.; Wright, Industrial Evo- 
lution of the U. S., Pt. I. 

a. Agriculture. 

1. The Southern plantation system. 

2. The Northern system of small farms. 

b. Labor systems. 

Egerton, Englisli Colonies, ch. vii; Hart, II, Nos. 105-108; Ante, pp. 
24, 54, 72; Bourne, in New England Mag., XXVIII, 396; McCor- 
mac, White Servitude in Maryland, J. H. U. Studies, XXII, 113. 

1. White indentured servants. 

a. Character and distribution. 

2. Negro slaves. 

Ballagh, Slavery in Virginia; Brackett, Negro in Maryland; Bassett, 
Slavery in North Carolina; J. H. U. Studies, XIV, 169; Williams, 
History of Negro Race in Amer., I, passim. 

a. Development of slavery: number and distribution at 

different periods. 

b. The slave trade. * 

1. The Royal African Company, 1672. 

2. The Asbiento, 1713. 

Du Bois, Suppression of Amer. Slave Trade, chs. i-iv passim; 
Collins in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1900, 141-192; Bancroft 
(Last Rev.), II, 268-287. 

c. The legal and social status. The slave codes. 

d. An ti slavery sentiment. 

Ante, pp. 54, 73; Locke, Slavery and Anti-Slavery; Vv^eeks, 
Southern Slaverj^ and Quakers. 

e. The free negro. 

c. Manufactures. 

Bi.shop, Hist, of Amer. Manufactures, I. 



AMERICAN COLONIAI. HISTORY. 



80 



1. Character and extent, 

2. Opposition of the English government. 

Post, p. 87. 
d. Commerce. 

1. Nature and extent. 

2. Methods of exchange: Scarcity of money and paper cur- 

rency. 

Dewey, Financial Hist, of U. S., ch. i; Bullock, Monetary Hist, 
of U. S., chs. ii, iii. 

3. Religion and Toleration. 

Greene, ch. vi. 

a. Religious status of the different colonies. 

b. Degree of toleration granted. 

c. The Anglican Church. 

4. Intellectual Life. 

Eggleston, Transit, 117-129, ch. ▼; Tyler, Lit. Hist, of the Colonies; 
Greene, ch. xviii. 

a. Educational standards and opportunities. 

b. Colonial literature. 

5. Peculiar Laws and Punishments. 

Earle, Curious Punishmentsof By Gone Days; Ames, Peculiar Laws 
and Customs of Colonial Days. 

a. Based on English precedent. 

b. Paternalistic character. 

c. Sumptuary laws and laws regulating prices. ^ 

d. Punishments and treatment of criminals. 

e. Late survivals of certain punishments. 

2. Summary of the development of Political Institutions. 

Osgood, II, chs. xii-xvi; Hamilton, ch. viii; Greene, chs. v, xii; 
Egerton, Eng. Colonies, ch. vii. 

I. Nature and types of Colonial Government. 

Hart, II, No. 50. 

a. The Corporate Colony: (Charter.) 

b. Proprietary Province. 

c. Royal Province, Tendency toward. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 8l 

2. Departineuts of Government: Division of Powers. 

a. The Executive: Governor, assisted by Council. (See post, 

p. 86.) 

b. The Legislative: Nearly all Bi-cameral. 

Hart, II, Nos. 61-68. 

1. The basis of representation. 

2. Choice of Speaker. 

3. Development of the Committee System. 

Jameson, in Pol. Sci. Quar., IX, 226. 

4. Growth of powers of the Lower House: Legislation, 
Right to initiate; Financial, Taxation and Expenditures; 
Appointment of Administrative officers. 

5. Quarrels with the Governor in the Royal and Proprietary 
Colonies. 

6. The Colonial Agent. The representative of the Assembly. 

Tanner, in Pol. Sci. Quar., XVI, 24-49. 

c. The Judiciary. 

Hart, II, Nos. 69-74. 

d. Relation between the Departments. 

3. Suffrage and Qualifications for Office. 

Bishop, Hist, of Elections; McKiuley, Hist, of the Suffrage (Uuiv. 
of Pa. Pub.); Miller, Qualifications for Office, Amer. Hist. Assoc. 
Rept., 1899, I, 89-105. 

4. Naturalization Laws. 

Carpenter, in Amer. Hist. Rev., IX, 288-303. « 

5. Political Methods and Political Parties. 

Becker on Nominations and Party Machinery in Colonial New York, 
Amer. Hist. Rev., vi, 260-275; vii, 56-76; Lincoln, The Revolu- 
tionary Movement in Peuna.; Schaper, Sectionalism and Repre- 
sentation in S. Car., Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1900, I, 245-353. 

6. Types of Local Government. 

Hart, II, Nos. 75-79- See Ante, pp. 25, 33, 40, 41, 71. 

7. Principles of Government. 

a. Contrast with English Political Development. 

Ashley, 64, 65. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 82 

XXXI. RELATION OF ENGLAND TO HER COLONIES: 

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANS OF 

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. 

* Andrews, J. H. Univ. Studies, XXVI, 1-151; Greene, chs. i-v, xi; Kellogg, The 
Amer. Colonial Charter, Amer. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1903, I, 187-341; Osgood, III, 
passim; Chalmers, Introduction to the Revolt of the Colonies, 2 vols.; Egerton, 
British Colonial Policy, Eks. I and II; Greene, Provincial Governor; Osgood in 
Pol. Sci. Quar., II, 440-460; XVII, 206; Amsr. Hist. Assoc. Repts., 1898, 66-72; 
Avery, II, ch. ii; Hamilton, ch. viii; Doyle, V, passim; Crane & Moses, ch. viii; 
Bancroft (last rev.), II, 70-85, 238-267; Lecky, England, II, pp. 1-21; Frothing- 
ham, Rise of the Republic, 13-28; Story, Commentaries, §§ 169-170; Thorpe, U.S., 
I, 1-19; Hertz, The Old Colonial System; Snow, Administration of Dependencies. 

1. Prior to the Restoration. 1606-1660. 

Andrews, op. cit, chs. i-iii; Egerton, Bk. I, chs. ii, iii; Bk. II, cli. i; 
Kaye, J. H. U. Studies, XVIII, 307-316. 

1. Relations with Virginia nnder James I. (see ante, pp. 17-19). 

a. 1606. Under the Charter. King and Special Council. 

b. 1609-23. King and Privy Council. 

c. 1623-24. Special Commissions. 

2. Under Charles I. 

a. 1625. Proclamation of the King. Ante, p. 20. 

b. 1631. New commission for better plantation and governing. 

Hazard, I, 312-314; Cal. of State Papers, Colonial, I, 130. 

c. 1634, 1636. Archbishop Laud and others form a permanent 

governing board. 

Cal. of State Papers, I, 177, 232; Hutchinson, Mass., I, 502. 

1. Chief object, religious uniformity. 

2. Supervision of emigration, 1637. 

Hart, I, Nos. 53, 183. 

3. Proceedings against Massachusetts. Ante, p. 47. 

3. Under Long Parliament and Commonwealth. 

a. 1643. Parliamentary Board of Commissioners : Earl of 
Warwick. 

Hazard, I, 533; Cal. of State Papers, I, 324. 

h. Parliamentary Joint Commission: A Council of State: 1650- 
1655- 

Hazard, I, 533; Gardiner's Documents, 261. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 83 

1. Relations with Virg^inia and Maryland. Ante, pp. 21, 29. 

2. With New England. Ante, p. 47. 
c. Cromwell'.s policy. 

I. Schemes of colonization. 

Strong, in Atner. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1898, 79; Beer, in Pol. Sci. 
Quar., XVI, 583. 

4. Results: No system of supervision permanently established. 
Practical independence of the Colonies. 

2. From the Restoration to the English Revolution. 1660-1688. 

Andrews, ch. ii; Andrews, opus cit., chs. iv, v; Beer, Commercial 
Policy of England, 123-125; Egerton, Bk. II, chs. ii, iii; Kaye, in 
J. H. Univ. Studies, XXIII, 249; New York Col. Doc, HI, xiii 
xvii, 30-36, 229, 230; IV, 146-148. 

1. Period of Experiments. 

a. 1660, July 4. Committee of the Privy Council. 

b. 1600, Nov. 7. Council of Trade. 62 members, 7 quorum. 

c. Council for Foreign Plantations. 

1. 1660, Dec. I. Established. 

Hart, I, No. 184; Cal. of State Papers, I, 492, 493; N. Y. Col. Doc, 
HI, 36. 

2. 1670, 1671. Reorganized. 

Cal. of state Papers, III, 178; Palfrey, III, 32, 33. 

d. 1672-1674. Councils of Trade and Foreign Plantations 

united. 
I. Abolished in 1674. 

Egerton, 98, 99. • 

e. 1675-1696. Committee of the Privy Council. 

Cal. of State Papers, 1675-76, 171; Palfrey, III, 275. 

1. Again given charge by Charles II. 

2. Continued under James II. and William III. to 1696. 

2. Tendencies and Results. 

a. Efiforts to enforce religious uniformity abandoned. 

b. Era of Proprietary Grants under Charles II. to stimulate 

colonization. 

c. Acts of Trade and attempted enforcement. 

d. James II. inaugurates policy of consolidation and direct 

administration. Ante, pp. 49, 62, 65. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 84 

3. From the English Revolution to the Close of the French and 
Indian War. 1689-1763. 

Egerton, Bk. II, chs. iv, v; Greene, chs. iii, iv; Avery, II, ch. xii; 
Bancroft, III, 100-108, 389-396; IV, in passim. 

1. Subdivisions of tlie period. 

a. The Period of Admiuistrative activity and extension of Im- 

perial control, 1689-1715. 

b. The Walpolian Era: The so-called period of "salutary 

neglect," 1715-1740. 

c. The Period of International Wars. Development of policy 

of Imperial Defence, 1 740-1 763. 

2. The Imperial Organs of Government. 

a. The King. 

b. The Privy Council. 

c. The Secretary of State for Southern Department. 

d. Commissioners of the Treasury. 

e. Commissioners of the Admiralty. 

f. Bishop of London. 

g. Subordinate Commissioners and Agents: The Board of 

Trade, Surveyor-General of the Customs, Surveyor- 
General of the Woods, etc. 
//. The Parliament. 

3. Their Respective Functions and Relations. 

4. The Board of Trade. 

a. Established, May 15, 1696. 

N. Y. Col. Doc, IV, 145-148; Hart, II, No. 46. * 

b. Its composition and functions. 

1. An advisory and administrative bureau. 

2. Its importance and periods of activity. 

3. Typical examples of its work. 

Hart, II, Nos. 67, 89. 

5. The King and Parliament. 

a. The effect of the Revolution of 1688-89 0° ^^ position ot 

each. 

Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. ix. 

b. Parliamentary Legislation. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 85 

1. Commercial Legislation. Post, p. 87. 

2. General Legislation: Typical Acts. 

a. Act for punishment of Colonial Governors. 1700. 

b. Regulation of the value of foreign coin. 1708. 

c. Colonial Post Office Act. 17 10. 

Wooley, Colonial Post Office in R. I. Hist. Soc. Pub., 1894; Fiske, 
OldVa., 373-375- 

d. Act for Recovery of debts. 1732. 

e. Regulation of naturalization, 1739, 1756, 1761. 

f. Prohibiting issue of paper money, 1740, 1750, 1760, 

1763. 

g. Regulating apprenticeships. 1767. 
Appeals from Colonial Courts to the Privy Council. 

Hazeltiue, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept,, 1894, 310-322; Story, 1, 123, 
126-128; Lecky, III, 321; Thayer, Cases in Const. Law, I, 34-40; 
Andrews in Yale Review, III, 261-294. 

a. Precedents and Practice: Regulation Act of 1689. 

b. Opposition to. 

c. Important typical cases: Winthrop vs. Lechmere, 1728. 

Phillips vs. Savage, 1738. Clark vs. Tousey, 1742. 

d. Influence upon later American constitutional law. 
Ecclesiastical Relations. 

Cross, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1896, I, 231-241; also The An- 
glican Episcopate and the Amer. Colonies; Cobb, The Rise of 
Religious Liberty in America, ch. viii; Howard, Preliminaries of 
the Rev., ch. xii. 

a. Jurisdiction first vested in Archbishop of Canterbury. 

b. Later in Bishop of London. 

c. Connection and administration. 

d. " Commissary " or special agents. 

e. Society for Propagation of the Gospel : Its eflforts. 

f. Ecclesiastical functions of Royal Governors. 

g. Schemes to secure Colonial Bishops. 

1. Why desired. 

2. Reasons for opposition to. 

3. A contributing cause of the Revolution. 

Chamberlain, John Adams and the Rev., 19-44. 



AMERICAN COLONIAf. HISTORY. 86 

4. Extension of Imperial Control over the Colonies. 

Egerton, Bk. II, chs. iv, v; Chalmers, I, 302, 342, 412, 413; II, 5, 6, 
37, 3'^^, 43- 

I. Attack upon the Charter and proprietary Colonies. 

a. Early recommendations of the Board of Trade, 1701, 1705, 

1714-15- 
d. Their memorials neglected. 

c. Bill against, introduced in Parliament, 1720. 

d. Defence of the Charters by Jeremiah Dummer, Agent of 

Mass. 1721. 

Hart, ir, No. 48; Hill', Liberty Doc, ch. xi; Palfrey, IV, 335, 336, 
486-489; Tyler, Lit. Hist, of Colonies, II, 116-120. 

e. Report of the Board of Trade. 1721. 

N. Y. Col. Doc, V, 591-629. 

/. By 1729 eight Royal Colonies. 

^. Colonial Agencies in England: Their effectiveness. 

Ante, p. 81. 

5. Royal and Proprietary Officers in the Colonies. 

1. The Governor. 

Greene, The Provincial Governor; Hart, II, Nos. 53-60. 

a. Character of appointees and method of appointment. 

d. Importance of Commission and Instructions. 

c. Multiplicity of powers and difficulty of position. 

d. Quarrels with the Assemblies: Typical cases. 

Greene, Provincial Governors, chs. viii-x. 

e. Some notable governors. 

Greene, Provincial America, ch. xiii. 

2. The Council. 

a. Administrative and Legislative functions. 
d. Judicial functions. 

3. Other Administrative and Judicial Officers. 
a. Secretary and Treasurer. 

d. Customs officers?. 
c. Admiralty officers. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 87 

6. England's Commercial and Industrial Colonial Policy. 

1. The Mercantile System: The Colonial Policy of the Age. 

2. Restrictions upon Commerce. 

Beer, cbs. i-iii, vi, vii; Egerlon, Bk. II, chs. iv, v; Howard, chs. ii, 
iii; Hertz, ch. iii; Lecky, III, 324-336; Avery, III, ch. xi. 

a. The Navigation Acts. 

Beer, in Pol. Sci. Quar., XVI, 583; XVII, 46; McGovern, in Amer. 
Hist. Rev., IX, 725; Channing, in Amer. Antiquarian Soc. Proc. , 
1889; Fisher, The Struggle for Amer. Independence, I, ch. iii; 
Amer. Hist. Leaflets, No. 19; MacDonald, 106, no, 119, 168. 

1. Object: Commercial monopoly. 

2. Chief features. 

3. Early administration. 

4. Change in customs administration, 1672. 

5. Activity of Randolph. 

Mem. of Ed. Randolph. (Prince Soc. Pub.) 

b. The Act of Trade, 1696. 

MacDonald, 212; Hart, II, No. 45. 

1. First systematic attempt to enforce the Acts. 1696-1713. 

2. DiflEiculties of administration. 

See Mem. of Randolph; Letters of Col. Quary, Penna. Mag. of Hist., 
April, 1900, XXIV, 61-80; Hart, II, No. 34. 

c. The Molasses Act of 1733. 

MacDonald, 248. 

d. Why not resisted prior to 1760. 

1. Lax enforcement: Smuggling. 

Hart, II, No. 87; Ashley, Surveys Historic and Economic, 336-360; 
Trevelyan, Amer. Rev., I, 127-134. 

2. Colonial Trade with the Enemy in War. 1756-1763. 

Beer, British Colonial Policy, chs. v-vii. 

3. The Effect: Were the Acts injurious or beneficial ? 

Ashley, op. cit., 309-335; also in Quar. Jour, of Economics, XIV, 
1-29; Channing, in Amer. Antiquarian Soc. Proc, Oct., 1889, 

4. Restraints upon manufactures. 

Beer, Commercial Policy of England, ch. iv; Ashley, 320-328. 

a. Wool and woolen goods: 1699, 1738. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 88 

b. Hat trade and apprentices: 1732. 

c. Iron manufactures: 1719, 1750. 

5. Encouragement of the production of naval stores. 

Lord, Industrial Experiments in the British Colonies; Beer, ch. v. 

6. Taxation for Revenue. 

a. Revenue provisions of the early charters. 
h. Tariffs and trade regulations of the Colonies. 

Hill, in Quar. Jour, of Economics, VII, 90; Fisher, in Papers of 
Amer. Hist. Assoc, III, 467. 

c. Taxes levied by Parliament. 

1. Tonnage and Poundage. 1660. 

2. Plantation Duties. 1673. 

3. Collectors of Revenue sent out. 1676. 

4. Systematic efforts to collect revenues. 1696-1713. 

5. Revenue features of the "Molasses Act." 1733. Ante, 

p. 87. 

d. Suggestions for Revenue Taxes. 

Beer, British Colonial Policy, ch. iii; Bancroft (last rev.), II, 246, 
251-253. 411-418, 443' 458, 532- 

1. Gov. Nicholson of Virginia. 1695. 

2. The Lord Treasurer after Queen Anne's War. 1713. 

3. Early suggestions of a Stamp Duty. 

a. Bladen. 1726, 

b. Ex Governor Keith. 1728. 

Hart, II. No. 49; Penna. Hist. Mag., XII, 29. 

c. London Merchants. 1739. 

d. Dr. Douglas. 1749. 

4. Board of Trade proposes import taxes. 

5. Several Colonial Governors propose stamp and import 

duties. 1754-1756. 

6. Need of revenue to provide for defence: Failure of requi- 

sition system during the war. 1 754-1 763. 

Beer, British Colonial Policy, chs. i-vii; Pol. Sci. Quar., XXII, 1-48. 

7. Change in principle from commercial monopoly to one 

for revenue. 1765. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 89 

7. The Rights and Duties of the Colonists as Englishmen. 

1. The Common Law rights: How far applicable? 

Reinsch, The Eng. Common Law in the Early Amer. Colonies 
(Univ. of Wis. Bulletin, No. 31). 

2. Charter rights: How far valid? 

3. Colonists' conception of their rights. 

Hill, Liberty Doe., ch. xi; Hart, II, No. 47. 

4. Habeas Corpus in the Colonies. 

Carpenter, in Amer. Hist. Rev., VIII, 18. 

5. Objection to English Imperial System. 

6. Increasing divergence between American and English ideas 

and institutions. 

1. Engendered by separation and physical conditions. 

2. By different social, economic and political conditions. 

3. By the diflfusion of the spirit of freedom and democracy in the 

colonies. 

4. The result: the breach constantly widening and separation but 

a question of time. 



INTER-COLONIAL UNION AGAINST ENGLAND: 1760-1776. 
STRUGGLE jFOR THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN. 

XXXn. THE INAUGURATION OF THE NEW COLONIAL 

POLICY. 

* Bib. C. & H. Guide, sec. 134; Beer, chs. x-xiii; Howard, chs. iv-ix; Fisher, I, chs. 
iv-viii; Frothingham, ch. v; Lecky, England, ch. xii; Winsor, America, VI, ch. i; 
Channing, The United States, 41-56; Hertz, ch. iv; Fiske,The Am. Rev., I, 11-27; 
Egerton, British Colonial Policy, 187-204; Thorpe, U. S., I, 29-59; Woodburn, 
Causes of the Am. Rev., J. H. U. Studies, X, 553; Sloane, French War and Rev., 
chs. x-xii; James, ch. xxiv; Jones, ch. xix; Cambridge History, VII, 144-150; 
Hosmer, Samuel Adams. 

1. The New Issue in Constitutional Government. 

I. George III. idea of government. 

Hart, II, No. 130; Fiske, I, 3S-45; Mag. of Amer. Hist., XXVIII, 
43'- 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. ' 9O 

a. In England. 

b. In the Colonies. 

2. The Enforcement of the Navigation Acts. 
a. Means: Writs of Assistance. 

1. Nature and legality. 

2. James Otis' argument against their legality and pre- 

sentation of the "Rights of the Colonies." 

Hart, II, No. 131; Hill, Liberty Doc, 159, 160; Tudor's Life of 
Otis, ch. vi; Tyler, Literary History of the Revolution, I, 30-52; 
Fisher, I, ch. iv; Thayer, Cases on Const. Law, I, 48-55; Hosnier, 
Life of Thos. Hutchinson, chs. iii-v; Thorpe, U. S., I, 29-31. 

3. Later writings of Otis, and source of his argument. 
a. Locke, "Essay on Government." 

3. The " Parson's Cause:" 1763. 

Hart, II, No, 37. 

a. Patrick Henry's speech: attacks King's veto power. 
Tyler, Patrick Henry, ch. iv. 

2. Grenville's threefold policy. 

Beer, ch.s. x-xiii. 

1. Rigid enforcement of the Navigation Acts. 

a. Changes in the Acts: Sugar Act, April 5, 1765. 

MacDonald, 272. 

b. Machinery for execution. 

c. Effect: Trade injured and colonists irritated. * 

2. Maintenance of a Standing Army in the Colonies. 

a. Quartering Act, April, 1765. 

MacDonald, 306. 

b. Ostensible cause: Pontiac's Conspiracy. Indian Policy. 

c. Real cause: Prevention of resistance by the colonists. 

3. Taxation of the Colonies. 

a. Precedents and Suggestions. Ante, 88. 

b. Reason for the proposed taxes: Justice of colonial taxation. 

c. Grenville proposes stamp duties: March 9, 1764. 

Hart, II, No. 133. 

d. Colonists protest, but suggest no alternative. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 9I 

e. The Stamp Act passed: March 22, 1765. 

MacDonald, 282; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 21. 

I. Reception in the Colonies: Methods of resistance. 

a. Popular meetings and mob violence. 

Hart, II, Nos. 139, 140. 

b. Organization of Sons of Liberty and inauguration of a 
boycott of English goods. 

c. Action by the Colonial Assemblies. 

1. Virginia: Henry's resolutions: May 30, 1765. 

Frothingliam, 180. 

2. Massachusetts: Call for a Colonial Congress: June 6. 

3. Response of the other colonies. 

d. The Stamp Act Congress: 1765. 

1. Character and authority. 

2. Its Work: Declaration of Rights: Oct. 19. 

MacDonald, 313; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xii; Hart, II, No. 141; 
Preston, 188. 

3. Results: a. Precedent established. 

b. Unites and intensifies common interests. 
2. The Stamp Act Repealed: 1766. 

Hart, II, No. 144; Hodge, in Pol. Sci. Quar., XIX, 252. 

a. Franklin's Examination in House of Commons. 

Hart, II, No. 143; Hill, Liberty Doc, 158, 159. 

b. Pitt's speech. 

Hart, II, No. 142; Adams, British Orations, I, 98. 

c. The Declaratory Act. ^ 

MacDonald, 316; Windsor, America, VI, 32. 

d. Results of the controversy. 

Frothingham, 189, 190, 191. 

XXXni. THE REVENUE CONTROVERSY: COERCION 
versus ACTIVE RESISTANCE, 1767-1774. 

*Bib. C. & H., Guide, sees, 135, 136; Frothingham, chs. vi-ix; Howard, chs. x-xvii; 
Van Tyne, ch. i; Fisher, I, chs. ix-xx, xxiii, xxiv; Cambridge History, VII, 150- 
167; Winsor, America, VI, 39-41; Fiske, Am. Rev., I, 28-98; Lecky, ch. xii; 
Egerton, 205-233; Thorpe, U. S., I, 59-108; Channing, United States, 56-71; Lodge, 
ch. xxiii; Woodbum. Causes of the Revolution; Sloane, chs. xii-xiv; Hart, Forma- 
tion of the Union, 28-68; Tyler, Literary History of the Rev.; Trevelyan, The 
Amer. Rev., I, chs. i-v, in passim; Hertz, Old Colonial Policy. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 92 

1. Political Theories as to the Relation of the Colonies to England. 

Bancroft, V, cbs. xxi, xxii; Sloane, cbs. x-xii; Channing, U. S., 28- 
40; Johnson's U S- History and Const., 35-39; Chamberlain, in 
John Adams and The Rev., 137-165; Am. Hist. Assoc. Papers, III, 
52-74; and as above. 

1. English Theories. 

a. Moderate view: Pitt. 

Hart, II, No. 142; Hall, Chatham's Colonial Policy. Amer. Hist. 
Rev., V, 659-675. 

b. Government view: Mansfield, the Crown lawyer. 

Adams, British Orations, I, 150. 

2. American or Colonial Theories. 

a. General opinion: No internal taxation without representa- 

tation. 

1. Representation and Franchise in England and America. 

2. Virtual and actual representation. 

b. Views of the extreme radicals: Samuel Adams. 

2. Conflict of the Two Theories. 

I. The Townshend Acts: June 29, 1767. 

MacDonald, 320-330. 

a. Reorganization of the Colonial Customs Service. 

1. Board of Revenue Commissioners. 

2. Writ of Assistance legalized. 

b. Coercion of the Colonial Legislatures. ^ 
I. Attack upon the New York Assembly. 

MacDonald, 317. 

c. New Revenue Duties: External taxes. 

Hart, II, No. 145. 

I. Reception of these measures. 

a. Change in Colonial Doctrine to " No legislation with- 

out representation:" Gradual acceptance of the radi- 
cal views of Adams. 

b. The "Farmer's Letters" of Dickinson. 

Hart, II, No. 149; Tyler, Lit. History, I, 234-238; Dickinson's 
Writings, I, 167-173, 275. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 93 

c. "Sons of Liberty " and non-importation societies. 

Tyler, ch. xi. 

d. Massachusetts circular letter: Feb. ii, 1768. 

MacDonald, 330; Mace, Manual, 151. 

1. Mass. commanded to rescind and other Assemblies 

ordered to ignore it. 

2. The Colonists refuse to obey this order. 

e. The Virginia Resolutions of May 16, 1769. 

MacDonald, 334; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xiii; Frothingteim, 
232-37- 

2. Non-importation forces partial repeal of these measures. 
Drifting into Revolution. 

1. The quartering of troops and the "Boston Massacre:" 1770. 

Hart, II, No. 151. 

2. Burning of the "Gaspee," 1772. 

3. Revolutionary machinery: Committee of Correspondence 

organized. 

a. Local Committees proposed by Mass., 1772. 

b. Colonial Committees proposed by Virginia: March 12, 

MacDonald, 336; Frothingham, 280; Collins, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. 
Rept., 1901, I, 243. 

c. Committees of Safety. 

Hunt, Provincial Committees of Safety. 

4. Resistance to Tea Importation: " Boston Tea Party," 1773. 

Hart, II, No. 152; Old South Leaflets, No. 68. 

5. England retaliates: Attempt to coerce Massachusetts: 1774. 

a. " The Intolerable Acts." 

MacDonald, 337-356. 

b. The Quebec Act. 

Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 141; Coffin, The Quebec Act; Moore, 
ch. vi; Bourinot, Canada, 44-49. 

c. Mass. sustained by the other Colonies. 
I. Jefferson, " Summary View." 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 11. 

6. Massachusetts calls a Continental Congress, June 17, 1774. 

Chamberlain, John Adams and the Rev., 19-35, 44-96; Frothingham, 
330-332, 359-373- 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 94 

a. The Congress meets at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774. 

Hart, II, No. 153. 

1. Its composition. 

2. Its work. 

a. Supports Mass. The Suffolk Resolves and its reply 

to the same. 

Mace, Manual, 172-178; New Eng. Mag., XXVII, 353. 

b. Declaration of Rights, Oct. 14, 1774. 

MacDonald, 356; Preston, 192. 

c. The American Association. 

MacDonald, 362; Preston, 199; Hart, II, No. 154; Ford, in Pol. 
Sci, Quar., VI, 613. 

d. Its ultimatum. 

e. Provision for another Congress. 

3. Its Effect. 

a. In America: Sentiment of union and resistance 

strengthened. 

b. In England : King commands more repressive 

measures against Mass. Conciliatory policy fails. 

MacDonald, 367. 

c. The issues joined. 

7. The Massachusetts Provincial Congress assembles. Oct., 

1774- 
a. Organizes for resistance. 

Frothingham, 392-398. 

8. New England Restraining Act. March 30, 1775. 

MacDonald, 368. 

9. The Battles of Lexington and Concord. April 19, 1775. 

Hart, II, No. 191. 

XXXIV. STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHTS OF MAN: ORIGIN 
AND GROWTH OF INDEPENDENCE. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 137; Frothingham, chs. x-xi; Van Tyne, chs. ii-v; Fisher, 
I, chs. xxvii, XXX, xli; Friedenwald, Decl. of Independence; Thorpe, I, 109-165; 
Sloane, chs. xvi-xix; Fiske, American Revolution, I, chs. iii, iv; Lecky, ch. xiv; 
Higginson, Larger History, 249-293; Channing, United States, ch. iii. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 95 

1. The Second Continental Congress. May 10, 1775. 

Hart, II, No. 185. 

a. Its nature and composition. 

b. Its authority examined. "A head without a body." 

c. Necessity of organization leads it to assume sovereign powers. 

1. Organizes an Army and Navy. 

2. Declares war. 

3. Issues continental currency. 

4. Establishes Treasury and Post Office Departments. 

5. Advises the colonies to institute provisional governments. 

6. State papers issued July, 1775. 

MacDonald, 374-389. 

d. Strength of the government during the war. 

2. Origin and Growth of Independence. Transition from the Struggle 

for the Rights of Englishmen to that for the Rights of Man. 

1. Promoted by American institutions and training. 

2. Sentiments of independence born: Early predictions. 

Frothingham, 245, 343, 349, 369, 402, 428, 437, 442, 443. 

3. Americans refute the charge. 

4. Attitude of New England and its leaders. 

5. Attitude of the Middle and Southern Colonies. 

Frothingham, 465-467, 483. 

6. The King's course promotes it. 

MacDonald, 389-396. 

a. Refusal to receive petition. 

b. Colonists proclaimed rebels: Aug. 23. 

c. Trade and intercourse with America prohibited: Dec. 22. 

d. Mercenary troops hired. 

7. Independence impending. 

Winsor, America, VI, ch. iii; Tyler, Lit. Hist, of Rev., I, ch. xxii. 

a. The *' Mecklenburg Declaration:" May 15, 1775. 

Frothingham, 422-429; Mag. of Amer. Hist., XXI, 31, 221. 

b. The attitude of Congress during the winter of 1775-76. 

c. "Common Sense," by Thos. Paine, Jan., 1776. 

Tyler, I, 452-74; Hart, II, No. 186. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 96 

d. Action of Colonial Assemblies, April, 1776-May 15, 1776. 

e. Action of Congress. 

1. John Adams' motion: May 15. 

2. Lee's motion: June 7. 

3. Vote postponed: Reasons. 

4. Procedure upon Independence. 

5. Jefferson and the Declaration. 

Tyler, I, ch. xxiii; Hart, II, No. 188; Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 11. 

6. Adoption of the Declaration, July 4. 

MacDonald, Doc. i; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xiv; Preston, 210. 

7. Strength of the indictment. 

Friedenwald, in International Monthly, July, 1901. 

8. Political Doctrines of the Declaration: Source. 

Fisher, Yale Rev., II, 403; Ritchie, Pol. Science Quar., VI, 656; 
Channing, U. S., 85-87. 

9. Signing of the Declaration. 

Chamberlain, John Adams, etc., 99-133. 
8, Justification of the Revolution. 

3. The Treatment of the Loyalists. 

Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the Amer. Rev.; Howard, ch. xviii; 
Fisher, I, chs. xxi, xxii; Hart, II, Nos. 166-169; Bourinot, Canada, 
76-86; Bourinot, Story of Canada, ch. xxi; Tyler, in Amer. Hist. 
Rev., I, 24; Sabine, Loyalists in the American Revolution. 

1. Number and activity. 

2. Laws of the various States against them. ^ 

3. Administration of these laws. 

4. Emigration and subsequent history. 

XXXV. THE TRANSITION FROM COLONIAL TO COM- 
MONWEALTH GOVERNMENTS. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 143; Jameson, Constitutional Convention, sees. 125-158; 
Thorpe, Hist, of Amer. People, I, chs. iii-v; Thorpe, U.S., i, 169-184; Fiske, Criti- 
cal Period, ch. ii; Frothingham, 421, 428, 441-451, 481, 482, 491-493, 561-568; Web- 
ster, Annals of Am. Academy, IX, 380; Morey, Annals, IV, 201; Van Tyne, ch. ix; 
Ames, in Encyclopaedia Americana, Vol. XVI; Hildreth, U. S., Ill; 374-395; 
Schouler, Const. Studies, 29-69; Small, J. H. Univ. Studies, VIII, i; Chamberlain, 
Yale Review, II, 248; Bancroft, U. S., IX, 428-434. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 97 

1. The Colonial Governments in 1775. 

1. Legal relation to England: British rule superseded. 

Fisher, I, ch. xxxii. 

2. Provisional Governments. 

2. The Advice of Congress sought and followed. 

Jameson, sees. 127, 128; Cushing, Transition from Provisional to 
Commonwealth Government in Mass., 161-164; Journal of Cong., 
I, 215, 219, 260; II, 158, 166. 

3. Formation of the State Constitutions of the Revolutionary Period. 

Bib. Mass: Cushing, as above; New York, Dougherty, Pol. Science 
Quar., Ill, 489; Penna., Ford, Pol. Science Quar., X, 426; Hard- 
ing, Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1894, 371; Maryland, Silver, J. H. 
U. Studies, XIII, No. x; Bond, J. H.U. Studies, xiv; New Jersey, 
Elmer, in Proc. of N.J. Hist. Soc, II, J33-153; North Carolina, 
Sikes, J. H. U. Studies, XVI, 477; New Hamp., Hart, II, No. 186. 

1. Mode of formation and ratification. 

Borgeaud, Adoption and Amendment of Consts., 137-145. 

2. Leading Features. 

a. Source and general character: Selection and preservation of 

colonial institutions. 

b. Bills of Right: Origin and general nature: Influence. 

c. Legislative Department. 

1. Form: Bi- or Uni-cameral; Name; Term; Qualifications. 

2. Powers: Very extensive. 

d. Executive Department. 

1. Form: Governor or Executive Board; Election; Term; 

Qualification; Councils. 

2. Powers: Degree given: Ver)' limited. 

e. Judiciary Department. 

1. Form: Selection; Term; System of Appeals. 

2. Powers: Extent. Lacked security and independence. 

f. Suffrage: Property and Religious Qualifications. 

g. Relation between Church and State. 
h. Amendment: Provision for. 

i. Defects. 
\ Relation to the Government of the United States. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 98 

a. Sovereignty of the States. 

b. Is the Union older than the States? 

4. Colonization and Institutional Beginnings in the West. 

Howard, ch. xiii; Van Tyne, ch. xv; Alden, New Governments 
West of the Alleghenies; Turner, Western State Making, Amer. 
Hist. Rev., I, 70, 251. 

I. Early Schemes of Colonization. 

a. Early projects and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768. 

b. Vandalia project, 1 769-1 773. 

c. Settlements in Tennessee, 1769-. 

d. Beginnings of Kentucky; The Transylvania project, 1774. 

e. Westsylvania project, 1776. 
/ The State of Franklin. 

Alden, Amer. Hist. Rev., VIII, 271. 



XXXVI. FORMATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDER- 
ATION: NATIONALISM Versus PARTICULARISM. 

"* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 142; Van Tyne, ch. xi; McLaughlin, The Confederation 
and the Const., ch. iii; Fiske, Critical Period, ch. iii; Frothingham, 561-577; Thorp, 
U. S., I, 212-242; Hildreth, HI, 139.266, 395-398; Curtis, Hist, of the Const., I, 53, 
114-149, or (new ed.), I, 36, 86, 72, 87-103; Bancroft, Hist, of Const., I, ch. i; Lan- 
don, Const. History, 42-62; Lalor, I, 575; II, 932; Story, Com., sees. 222-243; Ban- 
croft, U. S. (last rev.), IV, 243-44, 260, 316-17; V, 10-15, 199-208, 284, 454-55. 5o8; 
Jameson, Const. Conventions, sees. 158-162; Schouler, Const. Studies, Part II, 
ch. iii. a 

1. Formation of the Articles of Confederation. 

1. Nature of Federal Government. 

2. Plans before the Continental Congress. 

a. Galloway's Plan: 1774. 

Frothingham, 367-68; Fisher, 238-39; Tyler, I, 369-383. 

b. Franklin's Plan: 1775. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 20. 

c. Committee appointed "to prepare the form of a confedera- 

tion." June II, 1776. 
d. Report Dickinson's Draft, July 12, 1776. 
Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 20. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. 99 

I. Compare with Franklin's plan. 
Debate on the Dickinson Draft. 

a. Apportionment of taxes. 

b. Apportionment of representation: Slave representation. 

Hart, II, No. 189. 

c. Question of the Public Lands. 

d. Powers of Congress and the States. 

e. Difl5culties of framing an acceptable plan. 

1. Triumph of "Particularism" by 1777. 

2. Decline of the character of Congress. 

Hart, II, No. 190. 

The Articles of Confederation. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 20; Preston, 219; MacDonald, Select Docu- 
ments, 6; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xv. 

a. Agreed to by Congress, Nov. 15, 1777. 

b. Genesis of the Articles: Foreign precedents. 

Friedenwald, Am. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1896, 228-230. 

c. Analysis of the Articles. 

1. Nature: "A League of Friendship." 

2. Radical error at basis: Doctrine of sovereignty. 

3. Powers of the Congress over: 

a. Foreign Affairs. 

b. Domestic Affairs. 

4. Prohibitions upon the States. 

5. Defects: • 

a. In Form. 

b. In Powers granted. 

c. In means to enforce Powers. 
Ratification. 

a. Opposition to ratification. Small States call for cession of 

Western Claims. (See post, p. loi.) 

b. Last States ratify: 

1. New Jersey, Nov. 20, 1778. 

2. Delaware, Feb. i, 1779. 

3. Maryland, Jan. 30, 1781. 

Hart, II, No. 205; Curtis, I, 89-94. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. ICX) 

c. Articles go into effect: March i, 1781. 
Hart, II, No. 209. 

6. Organization of the Government under the Articles. 

C. & H., Guide, sec. 149. 

a. The Congress: Membership; Attendance; Methods of trans- 

acting business; The President of Congress. 
Hart, II, No. 190, 

b. Executive Boards and Heads of Departments: Committee of 

States. 

Jameson, Essays, 156-185. 

c. Courts of Arbitration and Appeals. 

Jameson, Essays, 1-45. 

XXXVII. PROBLEMS CONFRONTING THE CONGRESS OF 
THE CONFEDERATION. 

1. Foreign Relations. 

1. The French Alliance. 

C. & H., Guide, sec. 139; Hart, II, Nos. 199-204; Van Tyne, ch. xvi. 

2. The Treaty of Peace. 

* C. & H., Guide, sec. 141; Van Tyne, ch. xvii; Fisher, II, cvi-cix; 
McLaughlin, chs. i, ii; Fiske, Critical Period, ch. i; Lecky, Eng- 
land, ch. xv; Winsor, America, VII, 89-184; Winsor, The West- 
ward Movement, ch. xii; Hale, Franklin in Paris, II; Pellew, 
John Jay, chs. vii-viii; Sloane, ch. xxix; Hinsdale, Old North- 
west, ch. X. 

a. The negotiations at Paris in 1782. 

1. The American Commissioners. 

2. The Rivalry of Fox and Shelburne. 

3. Jay's suspicions of France and Spain. 

4. The "Preliminary Articles" signed: Nov. 30, 1782. 

Hart, II, Nos. 216-217. 

b. The Definitive Treaty: The Second Treaty of Paris. Sept. 

MacDonald, Select Documents, 15. 



AMERICAN C01,0NIAI. HISTORY. lOI 

I. Boundaries. 

3. The I^oyalists. 

3. The Debts. 

4. The Fisheries. 

c. Difficulty of carrying out the Treaty: 

a. With Great Britain. 

Fiske, 119-133, 138-142; McLaughliD, Ame<-. Hi.st. Assoc. Rep., 
1894, 413. 

b. With Spain. 

1. Over the Southern Boundary. 

Hinsdale, Am. Hist. Assoc. Reports, 1893, 339; Ibid., 1897, 177. 

2. Over the Navigation of the Mississippi. 
Fiske, 208. 

3. Difficulty of Forming Treaties with Foreign Nations. 

(See Commercial Relations, post, p. 103.) 

2. Land Cessions and The North-West Ordinance. 

1. Origin of the National Domain. 

* Bib. C. & H., Guide, sec. 150; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, chs. xii- 
xiii; Mclvaughlin, chs. vii, viii; Fiske, Critical Period, ch. v; 
Thorpe, U. S., I, 239-241, 257-262; Adams, J. H. U. Studies, III, 
i; Donaldson, Public Domain, 59-88; Towle, Hist, of Const, 351- 
360; Winsor, America, VII, 527; Am. Hist. Iveaflets, No. 22. 

a. The Claims of the States. 

b. Basis of these claims. 

c. Cause of the delay in the ratification of the Articles of Con- 

federation: Maryland's Action, 1777-1781. 

d. The Northwest Cessions. 

1. New York, March i, 1781. 

2. Virginia, March 4, 1784. 

3. Massachusetts, March 13, 1784. 

4. Connecticut, Sept. 19, 1786. (1800.) 

2. The Administration of the Northwest Territory. 

a. The Fundamental Resolution of Congress. Oct. 10, 1780. 

b, Jefferson's Ordinance of 1784. 

<•. King's futile attempt at anti-slavery restrictions: 1785. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. I03 

d. Land Ordinance of 1785. 

e. Various reports and suggestions of Committees: 1786-87. 

3. The Ordinance of 1787. 

*MacDonald, Select Documents, 2r; Hill, Liberty Doc, ch. xvi; 
Hinsdale, Old Northwest, chs. xiv-xv; Stone, in Penna. Mag. of 
Hist., XIII, 309; Poole, North Am. Rev,, CXXII, 229-265; and in 
Papers Amer. Hist. Assoc, III, 277-300; Cutler, Life of Manasseh 
Cutler, I, ch, viii; Lalor, Cyclopaedia, III, 30-34; Winsor, The 
Westward Movement, ch, xiv; and as above. 

a. The immediate occasion for its passage. 

1. The financial straits of the Confederacy, 

2. The Ohio Company. 

3. The Agency of Manasseh Cutler. 

b. The Authorship of the Ordinance. 

c. The Nature of the Ordinance. July 13, 1787. 

1. The Government of the Territory. 

2. The *' unalterable compact" with the future States. 

a. Free soil. 

b. Religious freedom. 

c. Support and encouragement of Common Schools. 

d. Civil liberty. 

e. Admission of New States. 

d. The Results of the Ordinance. 

1. On the growth and settlement of the West, 

2, On the Slavery contest: immediate and remote. 

3. Financial Problems. 

Bib. C, & H., Guide, sec 151; McLaughlin, chs. iv, ix, x, xi; Sum- 
ner, History of American Currency, 43-57; Sumner, Financiers 
and Finances of the Am. Rev.; McMaster, U. S., I, 139-144, 187- 
200, 221-295, 356-570; Thorpe, I, 246-256, 264-279; Fiske, Critical 
Period, 163-177, 218-220, 

I. The Financial System. 

a. Situation during the Revolution. 

Hart, II, Nos, 207, 210. 

b. Provisions of the Articles. 

c. Failure of the system of Requisitions. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY. IO3 

2. Attempt to amend the Articles. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 28. 

a. Five per cent, amendment, 1781: Defeated by Rhode Island. 

Bates, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. Rept., 1894. 351. 

b. The Revenue Scheme, 1783; Defeated by New York. 

3. Financial Difficulties in the States. 

a. Era of Paper Money: Trevett vs. Weeden. 

4. Financial Status in 1787-89. 

Elliot's Funding System. 

4. Commercial Relations. 

Bib. C. & H., Guide, 153; McLaughlin, ch. ▼; Fiske, 134-163; 
Frothingham, 583-587; Curtis, Const., I, 276-290, 285-286; Mc- 
Master, U. S., I, chs. iii, iv; Thorpe, I, 279-288. 

1. Foreign Commerce. 

a. Difficulty of negotiating treaties. 

b. Difficulty of enforcing treaties. 

c. Great Britain's discrimination against our trade. 

d. Commerce Amendment proposed to coerce Foreign Nations, 

1784: Failed. 

Am. Hist. Leaflets, No. 28. 

2. Domestic Commerce. 

a. "War of Imposts " between the States. 

b. Commercial Conventions: Virginia and Maryland. 

5. Failure and Impending Anarchy: "The Critical Period." 

1786-87. 

McLaughlin, chs. x, xi. 

1. The Growing Impotence of Congress. 

a. Lack of authority, coercive power and a fixed policy. 

b. The States heedless of Congress. 

2. Friction between the States: Danger of sectional unions. 

3. Internal Disorders within the States: Universal Discontent. 
a. Shay's Rebellion. 

4. The failure to amend the Articles. 
a. Suggests fundamental revision. 

5. The Problem before the Country: One or Thirteen ? 



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